<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vedomostiregmed</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Регуляторные исследования и экспертиза лекарственных средств</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Regulatory Research and Medicine Evaluation</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">3034-3062</issn><issn pub-type="epub">3034-3453</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Federal State Budgetary Institution ‘Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products’ of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (FSBI ‘SCEEMP’)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.30895/1991-2919-2026-850</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vedomostiregmed-850</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ГЛАВНАЯ ТЕМА: ИННОВАЦИИ В ФАРМАЦЕВТИКЕ: ПУТЬ ОТ НАУЧНОЙ ИДЕИ К ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКОМУ ЛИДЕРСТВУ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>MAIN TOPIC: INNOVATION IN PHARMACEUTICS: FROM SCIENTIFIC IDEA TO TECHNOLOGICAL LEADERSHIP</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Мониторинг уровня такролимуса у реципиентов почечного трансплантата в аспекте значимости индексированных показателей и интраиндивидуальной вариабельности: обзор литературы</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Monitoring of Tacrolimus Concentration in View of Normalized Indicators and Its Intraindividual Variability in Kidney Transplant Recipients: A Literature Review</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0579-0745</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хайбуллина</surname><given-names>З. Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Khaibullina</surname><given-names>Z. R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Хайбуллина Зарина Руслановна, д-р мед. наук, профессор </p><p>ул. Кичик Халка йули, д. 10, г. Ташкент, 100010 </p><p>ул. Фаробий, д. 2, г. Ташкент, 100109 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Zarina R. Khaibullina, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor</p><p>10 Kichik Xalqa Yo’li St., Tashkent 100010 </p><p>2 Farobiy St., Tashkent 100109 </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">zrkhaybullina-1@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4646-3938</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Исмаилов</surname><given-names>С. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ismailov</surname><given-names>S. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Исмаилов Саидмурад Ибрагимович, д-р мед. наук, профессор</p><p>ул. Кичик Халка йули, д. 10, г. Ташкент, 100010 </p><p>ул. Фаробий, д. 2, г. Ташкент, 100109 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Saidmurad I. Ismailov, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor</p><p>10 Kichik Xalqa Yo’li St., Tashkent 100010 </p><p>2 Farobiy St., Tashkent 100109 </p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6675-5284</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Махсумова</surname><given-names>Н. У.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Makhsumova</surname><given-names>N. U.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Махсумова Наргиза Усманджановна</p><p>ул. Озод, проезд К. Умарова, д. 16, г. Ташкент, 100102 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nargiza U. Makhsumova</p><p>16 Ozod St., K. Umarov Pass., Tashkent 100102 </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">nargizamahsumova999@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2232-8264</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Джураева</surname><given-names>Н. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Dzhuraeva</surname><given-names>N. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Джураева Нигора Мухсумовна, д-р мед. наук, профессор</p><p>ул. Кичик Халка йули, д. 10, г. Ташкент, 100010, Республика Узбекистан</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nigora M. Dzhuraeva, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor</p><p>10 Kichik Xalqa Yo’li St., Tashkent 100010</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3294-4183</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Абдухалимова</surname><given-names>Х. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Abdukhalimova</surname><given-names>K. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Абдухалимова Ханум Валентиновна, канд. мед. наук</p><p>ул. Кичик Халка йули, д. 10, г. Ташкент, 100010, Республика Узбекистан</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Khanum V. Abdukhalimova, Cand. Sci. (Med.)</p><p>10 Kichik Xalqa Yo’li St., Tashkent 100010</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Государственное учреждение «Республиканский специализированный научно-практический медицинский центр хирургии имени академика В.В. Вахидова» ; Ташкентский государственный медицинский университет</institution><country>Узбекистан</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Republican Specialized Scientific and Practical Medical Center of Surgery named after Academician V. Vakhidov ; Tashkent State Medical University</institution><country>Uzbekistan</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Государственное учреждение «Центр безопасности фармацевтической продукции» при Министерстве здравоохранения Республики Узбекистан</institution><country>Узбекистан</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Center for Pharmaceutical Products Safety</institution><country>Uzbekistan</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Государственное учреждение «Республиканский специализированный научно-практический медицинский центр хирургии имени академика В.В. Вахидова»</institution><country>Узбекистан</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Republican Specialized Scientific and Practical Medical Center of Surgery named after Academician V. Vakhidov</institution><country>Uzbekistan</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>04</day><month>07</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>16</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>293</fpage><lpage>307</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Хайбуллина З.Р., Исмаилов С.И., Махсумова Н.У., Джураева Н.М., Абдухалимова Х.В., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Хайбуллина З.Р., Исмаилов С.И., Махсумова Н.У., Джураева Н.М., Абдухалимова Х.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Khaibullina Z.R., Ismailov S.I., Makhsumova N.U., Dzhuraeva N.M., Abdukhalimova K.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.vedomostincesmp.ru/jour/article/view/850">https://www.vedomostincesmp.ru/jour/article/view/850</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>ВВЕДЕНИЕ</title><p>ВВЕДЕНИЕ. Такролимус (ТАС) в комбинации с микофенолата мофетилом и глюкокортикоидами составляют основу иммуносупрессивной терапии после трансплантации почки. Высокая интраиндивидуальная вариабельность концентрации такролимуса является индикатором нестабильности иммуносупрессии, что связано с риском отторжения трансплантата и требует постоянного мониторинга.</p></sec><sec><title>ЦЕЛЬ</title><p>ЦЕЛЬ. Оценка методов определения уровня такролимуса в крови у реципиентов почечного трансплантата и сравнение различных подходов к мониторингу его концентрации.</p></sec><sec><title>ОБСУЖДЕНИЕ</title><p>ОБСУЖДЕНИЕ. Метод жидкостной хроматографии с масс-спектрометрией (ЖХ-МС/МС) является стандартом количественной оценки ТАС в различных видах биоматериала. В клинической практике внедрены иммунохимические методы его определения в цельной крови, однако они могут давать перекрестную реакцию с неактивными метаболитами ТАС, завышая получаемые результаты. Метод иммунохемилюминесценции на магнитных частицах обеспечивает надежность результата и позволяет определять концентрации ТАС до 0,5 нг/мл, а коэффициент вариации результата не превышает 15% в сравнении с референсным методом ЖХ-МС/МС. ТАС характеризуется узким терапевтическим окном, а его содержание у реципиентов почки как в крови (цельная кровь, плазма), так и в мононуклеарах крови отличается высокой интраиндивидуальной вариабельностью (IPV). Это обусловливает необходимость разработки новых подходов к оценке целевых уровней ТАС, включая выбор биоматериала и метода определения ТАС у пациентов из группы риска дисфункции почечного трансплантата. Наибольшую клиническую значимость из показателей эффективности иммуносупрессии имеет равновесная концентрация ТАС в крови, соотношение С/D предложено использовать для прогноза токсичности. Уменьшение этого соотношения может быть предиктором неблагоприятного прогноза ввиду токсичности ТАС у реципиентов почки. Показатель IPV напрямую отражает стабильность экспозиции препарата у конкретного пациента, позволяет оценить риск отторжения и токсичности. Высокая IPV является независимым предиктором неблагоприятных исходов у реципиентов почечного трансплантата. Величина IPV концентрации ТАС зависит от эндогенных и экзогенных факторов, таких как полиморфизм CYP3A5, особенности диеты, лекарственные взаимодействия, клинические ситуации. Регулярный контроль IPV и устранение влияющих факторов позволяют обеспечить хороший результат выживаемости трансплантата, как непосредственный, так и отдаленный.</p></sec><sec><title>ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ</title><p>ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ. Такролимус характеризуется узким терапевтическим окном, а его содержание в крови у реципиентов почки отличается высокой интраиндивидуальной вариабельностью. Проведение межлабораторных сличений и разработка нормализованных показателей позволит минимизировать разночтения в оценке концентрации ТАС, а учет IPV позволит снизить риск неблагоприятных событий при краткосрочном и долгосрочном наблюдении реципиентов почки. Это обосновывает пересмотр подходов к мониторингу концентрации ТАС для улучшения результатов лечения, повышения выживаемости почечного трансплантата и реципиента.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>INTRODUCTION</title><p>INTRODUCTION. Tacrolimus (TAC) in combination with mycophenolate mofetil and glucocorticoids is a cornerstone of immunosuppressive therapy after kidney transplantation. The analytical sensitivity of methods used to determine TAC concentrations in blood samples varies widely and associated with the risk of transplant rejection that requires regular monitoring.</p></sec><sec><title>AIM</title><p>AIM. To evaluate methods for measuring tacrolimus blood concentrations in kidney transplant recipients and compare different approaches to monitoring tacrolimus exposure.</p></sec><sec><title>DISCUSSION</title><p>DISCUSSION. Liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) is the standard for quantitatively assessing TAC in various biomaterials. Immunochemical methods for TAC determination in whole blood have been introduced into clinical practice; however, due to cross-reactivity with inactive TAC metabolites, the results may be overestimating. Immunochemiluminescence method, using magnetic particles, ensures reliable results and allows to determine TAC concentrations down to 0.5 ng/mL, while the coefficient of variation values does not exceed 15% compared to the reference LC/MS/MS method. TAC has a narrow therapeutic window, and its levels in kidney transplant recipients, both in whole blood / plasma and in mononuclear cells, are characterized by high intra-patient variability (IPV). It necessitates the development of new approaches to assessing target TAC levels, including the choice of biomaterial and the method for TAC determination in patients with risk of kidney transplant dysfunction. The most clinically significant marker of immunosuppressive efficacy is the steady-state concentration of TAC in the blood. The C/D ratio has been proposed for toxicity prediction: a decrease in C/D ratio may be a predictor of an unfavorable prognosis due to TAC toxicity in kidney transplant recipients. The IPV directly reflects the stability of drug exposure in a given patient and allows for assessing the risk of transplant rejection and toxicity. A high IPV is an independent predictor of adverse outcomes in kidney transplant recipients. The IPV of TAC concentration depends on endogenous and exogenous factors, such as CYP3A5 polymorphism, dietary factors, drug-drug interactions, and clinical situations. Regular monitoring of IPV and elimination of influencing factors help ensure both immediate and long-term good survival of transplants.</p></sec><sec><title>CONCLUSIONS</title><p>CONCLUSIONS. Tacrolimus has a narrow therapeutic window, and its blood levels in kidney transplant recipients exhibit high IPV. Inter-laboratory comparison and the development of normalized values will minimize variability in TAC concentration assessments, while accounting for IPV will reduce the risk of adverse events during short- and long-term follow-up of kidney transplant recipients. This justifies a revision of approaches to monitoring TAC concentrations to improve treatment outcomes and increase kidney transplant and recipient survival.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>такролимус</kwd><kwd>TAC</kwd><kwd>лекарственный мониторинг</kwd><kwd>аналитические методы</kwd><kwd>реципиенты почки</kwd><kwd>интраиндивидуальная вариабельность</kwd><kwd>концентрация</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>tacrolimus</kwd><kwd>TAC</kwd><kwd>therapeutic drug monitoring</kwd><kwd>analytical methods</kwd><kwd>kidney transplant recipients</kwd><kwd>intrapatient variability</kwd><kwd>concentration</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Исмаилов СИ, Бахритдинов ФШ, Маткаримов ЗТ и др. Статистика изменений показателя количества операций родственной трансплантации почки в Республике Узбекистан. Проблемы биологии и медицины. 2024;(3):94– 101.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ismailov SI, Bakhritdinov FSh, Matkarimov ZT, et al. Statistics of changes in the number of living-related kidney transplantations in the Republic of Uzbekistan. Problems of Biology and Medicine. 2024;(3):94–101 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bellini MI, Nozdrin M, Pengel L, et al. How good is a living donor? Systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of donor demographics on post kidney transplant outcomes. J Nephrol. 2022;35(3):807–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40620-021-01231-7</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bellini MI, Nozdrin M, Pengel L, et al. How good is a living donor? Systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of donor demographics on post kidney transplant outcomes. J Nephrol. 2022;35(3):807–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40620-021-01231-7</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Порханов ВА, Исмаилов СИ, Назыров ФГ и др. Родственная трансплантация печени в Республике Узбекистан: нынешнее состояние и перспективы развития. Хирургия. Журнал им. Н.И. Пирогова. 2023;(11):34–46. https://doi.org/10.17116/hirurgia202311134</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Porkhanov VA, Ismailov SI, Nazyrov FG, et al. Living-related liver transplantation in the Republic of Uzbekistan: Current status and development prospects. Pirogov Russian Journal of Surgery. 2023;(11):34–46 (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17116/hirurgia202311134</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Назыров ФГ, Ибадов РА, Бахритдинов ФШ и др. Анализ потребности в трансплантации почки у больных с терминальной хронической почечной недостаточностью в республике Узбекистан. Медицинский журнал Узбекистана. 2019;2(4):2–6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nazyrov FG, Ibadov RA, Bakhritdinov FSh, et al. Analysis of the need for kidney transplantation in patients with end-stage chronic renal failure in the Republic of Uzbekistan. Medical Journal of Uzbekistan. 2019;(4):2–6 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Хайбуллина ЗР, Бабаджанов АХ, Джураева НМ, Тургунбаев ЭК. Особенности системы гемостаза и метаболизма у больных с терминальной стадией болезни печени как предпосылки для развития осложнений при ее трансплантации. Хирургия Узбекистана. 2023;(4):56–63.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khaibullina ZR, Babadzhanov AKh, Dzhuraeva NM, Turgunbaev EK. Features of hemostasis and metabolism in patients with end-stage liver disease as prerequisites for complications during transplantation. Surgery of Uzbekistan. 2023;(4):56–63 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">King CP, Cossart AR, Isbel NM, et al. The association between tacrolimus exposure and tremor, headache and insomnia in adult kidney transplant recipients: A systematic review. Transplant Rev (Orlando). 2024;38(1):100815. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trre.2023.100815</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">King CP, Cossart AR, Isbel NM, et al. The association between tacrolimus exposure and tremor, headache and insomnia in adult kidney transplant recipients: A systematic review. Transplant Rev (Orlando). 2024;38(1):100815. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trre.2023.100815</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Maslauskiene R, Vaiciuniene R, Radzeviciene A, et al. The influence of tacrolimus exposure and metabolism on the outcomes of kidney transplants. Biomedicines. 2024;12(5):1125. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12051125</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Maslauskiene R, Vaiciuniene R, Radzeviciene A, et al. The influence of tacrolimus exposure and metabolism on the outcomes of kidney transplants. Biomedicines. 2024;12(5):1125. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12051125</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Degraeve A, Moudio S, Haufroid V, et al. Predictors of tacrolimus pharmacokinetic variability: Current evidence and future perspectives. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2020;16(9):769–82. https://doi.org/10.1080/17425255.2020.1803277</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Degraeve A, Moudio S, Haufroid V, et al. Predictors of tacrolimus pharmacokinetic variability: Current evidence and future perspectives. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2020;16(9):769–82. https://doi.org/10.1080/17425255.2020.1803277</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">van Gelder T, Gelinck A, Meziyerh S, et al. Therapeutic drug monitoring of tacrolimus after kidney transplantation: Trough concentration or AUC-based monitoring? Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2025;91(6):1600–6. https://doi.org/10.1111/bcp.16098</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">van Gelder T, Gelinck A, Meziyerh S, et al. Therapeutic drug monitoring of tacrolimus after kidney transplantation: Trough concentration or AUC-based monitoring? Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2025;91(6):1600–6. https://doi.org/10.1111/bcp.16098</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lee DH, Lee H, Yoon HY, et al. Association of P450 oxidoreductase gene polymorphism with tacrolimus pharmacokinetics in renal transplant recipients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Pharmaceutics. 2022;14(2):261.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lee DH, Lee H, Yoon HY, et al. Association of P450 oxidoreductase gene polymorphism with tacrolimus pharmacokinetics in renal transplant recipients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Pharmaceutics. 2022;14(2):261.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kim JS, Shim S, Yee J, et al. Effects of CYP3A4*22 polymorphism on tacrolimus trough concentration in kidney transplantation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Pharmacol. 2023;14:1201083. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2023.1201083</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kim JS, Shim S, Yee J, et al. Effects of CYP3A4*22 polymorphism on tacrolimus trough concentration in kidney transplantation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Pharmacol. 2023;14:1201083. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2023.1201083</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Frohlich E. Understanding and preventing adverse effects of tacrolimus metabolization in transplant patients. Curr Drug Metab. 2019;20(13):1039–40. https://doi.org/10.2174/1389200219666180806154433</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Frohlich E. Understanding and preventing adverse effects of tacrolimus metabolization in transplant patients. Curr Drug Metab. 2019;20(13):1039–40. https://doi.org/10.2174/1389200219666180806154433</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wallemacq P, Goffinet JS, O’Morchoe S, et al. Multisite analytical evaluation of the Abbott ARCHITECT tacrolimus assay. Ther Drug Monit. 2009;31(2):198–204. https://doi.org/10.1097/ftd.0b013e31819c6a37</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wallemacq P, Goffinet JS, O’Morchoe S, et al. Multisite analytical evaluation of the Abbott ARCHITECT tacrolimus assay. Ther Drug Monit. 2009;31(2):198–204. https://doi.org/10.1097/ftd.0b013e31819c6a37</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shimada T, Kawakami D, Fujita A, et al. Validation of an automated sample preparation module connected to LCMS/MS and comparison with conventional immunoassays for quantitation of tacrolimus and cyclosporine A in a clinical setting. J Pharm Health Care Sci. 2024;10(1):5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40780-023-00318-6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shimada T, Kawakami D, Fujita A, et al. Validation of an automated sample preparation module connected to LCMS/MS and comparison with conventional immunoassays for quantitation of tacrolimus and cyclosporine A in a clinical setting. J Pharm Health Care Sci. 2024;10(1):5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40780-023-00318-6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гичкун ОЕ. Контроль концентрации такролимуса в крови. Вестник трансплантологии и искуcственных органов 2020:22(2):165–70. https://doi.org/10.15825/1995-1191-2020-2-165-170</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gichkun OE. Monitoring tacrolimus whole blood concentrations. Russian Journal of Transplantology and Artificial Organs. 2020;22(2):165–70 (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.15825/1995-1191-2020-2-165-170</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Polledri E, Mercadante R, Ferraris Fusarini C, et al. Immunosuppressive drugs in whole blood: Validation of a commercially available liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry kit and comparison with immunochemical assays. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 2017;31(13):1111– 20. https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.7887</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Polledri E, Mercadante R, Ferraris Fusarini C, et al. Immunosuppressive drugs in whole blood: Validation of a commercially available liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry kit and comparison with immunochemical assays. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 2017;31(13):1111– 20. https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.7887</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bodnar-Broniarczyk M, Warzyszynska K, Czerwinska K, et al. Development and validation of the new liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of unbound tacrolimus in the plasma ultrafiltrate of transplant recipients. Pharmaceutics. 2022;14(3):632.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bodnar-Broniarczyk M, Warzyszynska K, Czerwinska K, et al. Development and validation of the new liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of unbound tacrolimus in the plasma ultrafiltrate of transplant recipients. Pharmaceutics. 2022;14(3):632.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Veld AE, Grievink HW, Saghari M, et al. Immunomonitoring of tacrolimus in healthy volunteers: The first step from PK- to PD-based therapeutic drug monitoring? Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(19):4710. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20194710</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Veld AE, Grievink HW, Saghari M, et al. Immunomonitoring of tacrolimus in healthy volunteers: The first step from PK- to PD-based therapeutic drug monitoring? Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(19):4710. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20194710</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gounden V, Soldin SJ. Tacrolimus measurement: Buil­ ding a better immunoassay. Clin Chem. 2014;60(4):575–6. https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2013.220012</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gounden V, Soldin SJ. Tacrolimus measurement: Buil­ ding a better immunoassay. Clin Chem. 2014;60(4):575–6. https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2013.220012</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li JL, Wang XD, Wang CX, et al. Rapid and simultaneous determination of tacrolimus (FK506) and diltiazem in human whole blood by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry: Application to a clinical drug-drug interaction study. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2008;867(1):111–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.03.024</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li JL, Wang XD, Wang CX, et al. Rapid and simultaneous determination of tacrolimus (FK506) and diltiazem in human whole blood by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry: Application to a clinical drug-drug interaction study. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2008;867(1):111–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.03.024</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cremers S, Lyashchenko A, Rai AJ, et al. Challenged comparison of tacrolimus assays. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 2022;82(3):246–50. https://doi.org/10.1080/00365513.2022.2056858</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cremers S, Lyashchenko A, Rai AJ, et al. Challenged comparison of tacrolimus assays. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 2022;82(3):246–50. https://doi.org/10.1080/00365513.2022.2056858</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Woodard K, Kisler T, Dasgupta A. Good correlation between tacrolimus concentrations using improved CMIA on the Alinity i analyzer and LC-MS/MS method from a reference laboratory but unexpected negative bias with another LCMS/MS method from a different reference laboratory. Am J Clin Pathol. 2024;162(1):2–6. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/aqae005</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Woodard K, Kisler T, Dasgupta A. Good correlation between tacrolimus concentrations using improved CMIA on the Alinity i analyzer and LC-MS/MS method from a reference laboratory but unexpected negative bias with another LCMS/MS method from a different reference laboratory. Am J Clin Pathol. 2024;162(1):2–6. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/aqae005</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fu M, Chen S, Zheng X, et al. MAGLUMI® tacrolimus (CLIA) assay: Analytical performance and comparison with LCMS/MS and ARCHITECT CMIA. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2025; 63(11):2264–71. https://doi.org/10.1515/cclm-2025-0181</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fu M, Chen S, Zheng X, et al. MAGLUMI® tacrolimus (CLIA) assay: Analytical performance and comparison with LCMS/MS and ARCHITECT CMIA. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2025; 63(11):2264–71. https://doi.org/10.1515/cclm-2025-0181</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zijp TR, Knobbe TJ, van Hateren K, et al. Expeditious quantification of plasma tacrolimus with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry in solid organ transplantation. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2023;1222:123709. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123709</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zijp TR, Knobbe TJ, van Hateren K, et al. Expeditious quantification of plasma tacrolimus with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry in solid organ transplantation. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2023;1222:123709. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123709</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Koomen JV, Knobbe TJ, Zijp TR, et al. A joint pharmaco­ kinetic model for the simultaneous description of plasma and whole blood tacrolimus concentrations in kidney and lung transplant recipients. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2023;62(8):1117–28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40262-023-01259-x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Koomen JV, Knobbe TJ, Zijp TR, et al. A joint pharmaco­ kinetic model for the simultaneous description of plasma and whole blood tacrolimus concentrations in kidney and lung transplant recipients. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2023;62(8):1117–28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40262-023-01259-x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Guo P, Zhang R, Zhou J, et al. Intracellular tacrolimus concentration correlates with impaired renal function through regulation of the ISAHR-ABC transporter in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Int Immunopharmacol. 2024;126:111233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111233</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Guo P, Zhang R, Zhou J, et al. Intracellular tacrolimus concentration correlates with impaired renal function through regulation of the ISAHR-ABC transporter in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Int Immunopharmacol. 2024;126:111233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111233</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">You J, Chen R, Chai Y, et al. Comparing tacrolimus level monitoring in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and whole blood within one year after kidney transplantation: A single-center, prospective, observational study. Front Pharmacol. 2025;16:1622702. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2025.1622702</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">You J, Chen R, Chai Y, et al. Comparing tacrolimus level monitoring in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and whole blood within one year after kidney transplantation: A single-center, prospective, observational study. Front Pharmacol. 2025;16:1622702. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2025.1622702</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шабунин АВ, Дроздов ПА, Нестеренко ИВ и др. Факторы риска отсроченной функции почечного трансплантата от посмертного донора. Трансплантология. 2022;14(3):265–77. https://doi.org/10.23873/2074-0506-2022-14-3-265-277</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shabunin AV, Drozdov PA, Nesteren­ ko IV, et al. Risk factors for delayed kidney graft function from a deseased donor. Transplantologiya. The Russian Journal of Transplantation. 2022;14(3):265–77 (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.23873/2074-0506-2022-14-3-265-277</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Клим Ф. Такролимус при трансплантации почки. Сообщение I. Нефрология. 2007:11(2):7–25. EDN: JUEQOB</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Клим Ф. Такролимус при трансплантации почки. Сообщение I. Нефрология. 2007:11(2):7–25. Klim F. Tacrolimus in the kidney transplantation. Communication I. Nephrology. 2007:11(2):7–25 (In Russ.). EDN: JUEQOB</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кудря АА. Определение уровня такролимуса в крови у реципиентов почечного трансплантата в отдаленном периоде после трансплантации. В кн.: Физико-химическая биология как основа современной медицины. Тезисы докладов участников Международной научной конференции, посвященной 75-летию со дня рождения профессора Е.В. Барковского. Минск; 2021. С. 152–4. EDN: GZYZME</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kudrya AA. Determination of tacrolimus blood levels in kidney transplant recipients in the long-term post-transplant period. In: Physical and chemical biology as the basis of modern medicine. Abstracts of the international scientific conference dedicated to the 75th anniversary of Prof. E.V. Barkovsky. Minsk; 2021. P. 152–4 (In Russ.). EDN: GZYZME</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шабунин АВ, Дроздов ПА, Макеев ДА и др. Персонализированный протокол назначения пролонгированной формы такролимуса реципиентам почечного трансплантата в раннем послеоперационном периоде. Вестник трансплантологии и искусственных органов. 2023;25(1):52–61. https://doi.org/10.15825/1995-1191-2023-1-52-61</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shabunin AV, Drozdov PA, Makeev DA, et al. Personalized dosing protocol for extended-release tacrolimus in kidney transplant recipients in the early postoperative period. Russian Journal of Transplantology and Artificial Organs. 2023;25(1):52–61 (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.15825/1995-1191-2023-1-52-61</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hošková L, Málek I, Kopkan L, Kautzner J. Pathophysiological mechanisms of calcineurin inhibitor-induced nephroto­ xicity and arterial hypertension. Physiol Res. 2017;66(2):167– 80. https://doi.org/10.33549/physiolres.933332</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hošková L, Málek I, Kopkan L, Kautzner J. Pathophysiological mechanisms of calcineurin inhibitor-induced nephroto­ xicity and arterial hypertension. Physiol Res. 2017;66(2):167– 80. https://doi.org/10.33549/physiolres.933332</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Парабина ЕВ, Фатенков ОВ, Мякотных МН и др. Оценка результатов лечения реципиентов почки на амбулаторном этапе на фоне минимизации иммуносупрессивной терапии. Лечащий Врач. 2023;(9):15–21. https://doi.org/10.51793/OS.2023.26.9.002</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Parabina EV, Fatenkov OV, Myakotnykh MN. Evaluation of the results of treatment of kidney recipients at the outpatient stage against the background of minimizing immunosuppressive therapy. Lechaschi Vrach. 2023;(9):15–21 (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.51793/OS.2023.26.9.002</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schagen MR, Volarevic H, Francke MI. Individualized do­ sing algorithms for tacrolimus in kidney transplant reci­ pients: Current status and unmet needs. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2023;19(7):429–45. https://doi.org/10.1080/17425255.2023.2250251</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schagen MR, Volarevic H, Francke MI. Individualized do­ sing algorithms for tacrolimus in kidney transplant reci­ pients: Current status and unmet needs. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2023;19(7):429–45. https://doi.org/10.1080/17425255.2023.2250251</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Han A, Jo AJ, Kwon H, et al. Optimum tacrolimus trough levels for enhanced graft survival and safety in kidney transplantation: A retrospective multicenter realworld evidence study. Int J Surg. 2024;110(10):6711–22. https://doi.org/10.1097/js9.0000000000001800</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Han A, Jo AJ, Kwon H, et al. Optimum tacrolimus trough levels for enhanced graft survival and safety in kidney transplantation: A retrospective multicenter realworld evidence study. Int J Surg. 2024;110(10):6711–22. https://doi.org/10.1097/js9.0000000000001800</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Francke MI, Hesselink DA, Li Y, et al. Monitoring the tacrolimus concentration in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of kidney transplant recipients. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2021;87(4):1918–29. https://doi.org/10.1111/bcp.14585</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Francke MI, Hesselink DA, Li Y, et al. Monitoring the tacrolimus concentration in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of kidney transplant recipients. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2021;87(4):1918–29. https://doi.org/10.1111/bcp.14585</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sikma MA, van Maarseveen EM, Hunault CC, et al. Unbound plasma, total plasma, and whole-blood tacrolimus pharmacokinetics early after thoracic organ transplantation. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2020;59(6):771–80. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40262-019-00854-1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sikma MA, van Maarseveen EM, Hunault CC, et al. Unbound plasma, total plasma, and whole-blood tacrolimus pharmacokinetics early after thoracic organ transplantation. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2020;59(6):771–80. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40262-019-00854-1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tron C, Woillard JB, Houssel-Debry P, et al. Pharmacogenetic-whole blood and intracellular pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PG-PK2-PD) relationship of tacrolimus in liver transplant recipients. PLoS One. 2020;15(3):e0230195. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0230195</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tron C, Woillard JB, Houssel-Debry P, et al. Pharmacogenetic-whole blood and intracellular pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PG-PK2-PD) relationship of tacrolimus in liver transplant recipients. PLoS One. 2020;15(3):e0230195. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0230195</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kwiatkowska E, Ciechanowski K, Domanski L, et al. Intrapatient variability (IPV) and the blood concentration normalized by the dose (C/D Ratio) of tacrolimus — Their correlations and effects on long-term renal allograft function. Biomedicines. 2022;10(11):2860. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10112860</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kwiatkowska E, Ciechanowski K, Domanski L, et al. Intrapatient variability (IPV) and the blood concentration normalized by the dose (C/D Ratio) of tacrolimus — Their correlations and effects on long-term renal allograft function. Biomedicines. 2022;10(11):2860. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10112860</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Khong J, Lee M, Warren C, et al. Tacrolimus dosing in liver transplant recipients using phenotypic personalized medicine: A phase 2 randomized clinical trial. Nat Commun. 2025; 16(1):4558. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-59739-6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khong J, Lee M, Warren C, et al. Tacrolimus dosing in liver transplant recipients using phenotypic personalized medicine: A phase 2 randomized clinical trial. Nat Commun. 2025; 16(1):4558. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-59739-6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hryniewiecka E, Zegarska J, Zochowska D, et al. Dose-adjusted concentrations of mycophenolic acid reflect metabolic ratios in contrast with tacrolimus and cyclosporine. Biosci Rep. 2019;39(9):BSR20182031. https://doi.org/10.1042/bsr20182031</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hryniewiecka E, Zegarska J, Zochowska D, et al. Dose-adjusted concentrations of mycophenolic acid reflect metabolic ratios in contrast with tacrolimus and cyclosporine. Biosci Rep. 2019;39(9):BSR20182031. https://doi.org/10.1042/bsr20182031</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Woillard JB, Monchaud C, Saint-Marcoux F, et al. Can the area under the curve/trough level ratio be used to optimize tacrolimus individual dose adjustment? Transplantation. 2023;107(1):e27–e35. https://doi.org/10.1097/tp.0000000000004405</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Woillard JB, Monchaud C, Saint-Marcoux F, et al. Can the area under the curve/trough level ratio be used to optimize tacrolimus individual dose adjustment? Transplantation. 2023;107(1):e27–e35. https://doi.org/10.1097/tp.0000000000004405</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang XH, Shao K, An HM, et al. The pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and limi­ ted sampling strategy for estimation of exposure in renal transplant recipients. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2022;78(8):1261– 72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00228-021-03215-9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang XH, Shao K, An HM, et al. The pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and limi­ ted sampling strategy for estimation of exposure in renal transplant recipients. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2022;78(8):1261– 72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00228-021-03215-9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Udomkarnjananun S, Schagen MR, Volarević H, et al. Prediction of the intra-T lymphocyte tacrolimus concentration after kidney transplantation with population pharmaco­ kinetic modeling. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2025;117(1):162–73. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpt.3419</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Udomkarnjananun S, Schagen MR, Volarević H, et al. Prediction of the intra-T lymphocyte tacrolimus concentration after kidney transplantation with population pharmaco­ kinetic modeling. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2025;117(1):162–73. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpt.3419</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cheng F, Li Q, Cui Z, et al. Tacrolimus concentration prediction using combined clinical and genetic factors in the perioperative period of kidney transplantation. J Immunol Res. 2022;2022:3129389. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/3129389</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cheng F, Li Q, Cui Z, et al. Tacrolimus concentration prediction using combined clinical and genetic factors in the perioperative period of kidney transplantation. J Immunol Res. 2022;2022:3129389. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/3129389</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jiao W, Zhang Z, Xu Y, et al. Butyric acid normalizes hyperglycemia caused by tacrolimus-induced gut microbiota. Am J Transplant. 2020;20(9):2413–24. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.15880</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jiao W, Zhang Z, Xu Y, et al. Butyric acid normalizes hyperglycemia caused by tacrolimus-induced gut microbiota. Am J Transplant. 2020;20(9):2413–24. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.15880</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Клим Ф. Такролимус при трансплантации почки. Сообщение II. Нефрология. 2007:11(4):18–27. EDN: JTYGIX</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Klim F. Tacrolimus in the kidney transplantation. Communication II. Nephrology. 2007:11(4):18–27 (In Russ.). EDN: JTYGIX</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bekersky I, Dressler D, Mekki QA. Effect of low- and highfat meals on tacrolimus absorption following 5 mg single oral doses to healthy human subjects. Clin Pharmacol 2001; 41(2):176–82.https://doi.org/10.1177/00912700122009999</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bekersky I, Dressler D, Mekki QA. Effect of low- and highfat meals on tacrolimus absorption following 5 mg single oral doses to healthy human subjects. Clin Pharmacol 2001; 41(2):176–82.https://doi.org/10.1177/00912700122009999</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Birdwell KA, Decker B, Barbarino JM, et al. Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) guidelines for CYP3A5 genotype and tacrolimus dosing. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2015;98(1):19–24. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpt.113</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Birdwell KA, Decker B, Barbarino JM, et al. Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) guidelines for CYP3A5 genotype and tacrolimus dosing. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2015;98(1):19–24. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpt.113</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Moreau C, Debray D, Lorio MA, et al. Interaction between tacrolimus and omeprazole in a pediatric liver transplant recipient. Transplantation. 2006;81(3):487–8. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.tp.0000194861.59543.b9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Moreau C, Debray D, Lorio MA, et al. Interaction between tacrolimus and omeprazole in a pediatric liver transplant recipient. Transplantation. 2006;81(3):487–8. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.tp.0000194861.59543.b9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Concha J, Sangüesa E, Saez-Benito AM, et al. Importance of pharmacogenetics and drug–drug interactions in a kidney transplanted patient. Life (Basel). 2023;13(8):1627. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13081627</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Concha J, Sangüesa E, Saez-Benito AM, et al. Importance of pharmacogenetics and drug–drug interactions in a kidney transplanted patient. Life (Basel). 2023;13(8):1627. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13081627</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aouad H, Faucher Q, Sauvage FL, et al. A multi-omics investigation of tacrolimus off-target effects on a proxi­ mal tubule cell-line. Pharmacol Res. 2023;192:106794. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106794</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aouad H, Faucher Q, Sauvage FL, et al. A multi-omics investigation of tacrolimus off-target effects on a proxi­ mal tubule cell-line. Pharmacol Res. 2023;192:106794. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106794</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit53"><label>53</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">van Gelder T, Gelinck A, Meziyerh S, et al. Therapeutic drug monitoring of tacrolimus after kidney transplantation: Trough concentration or area under curve-based monitoring? Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2025;91(6):1600–6. https://doi.org/10.1111/bcp.16098</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">van Gelder T, Gelinck A, Meziyerh S, et al. Therapeutic drug monitoring of tacrolimus after kidney transplantation: Trough concentration or area under curve-based monitoring? Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2025;91(6):1600–6. https://doi.org/10.1111/bcp.16098</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit54"><label>54</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hirai T, Morikawa Y, Onishi R, et al. Impact of glycaemic control and CYP3A5 polymorphisms on tacrolimus trough concentrations after adult kidney transplantation. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2023;89(6):1852–61. https://doi.org/10.1111/bcp.15662</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hirai T, Morikawa Y, Onishi R, et al. Impact of glycaemic control and CYP3A5 polymorphisms on tacrolimus trough concentrations after adult kidney transplantation. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2023;89(6):1852–61. https://doi.org/10.1111/bcp.15662</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit55"><label>55</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yu M, Liu M, Zhang W, Ming Y. Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and pharmacogenetics of tacrolimus in kidney transplantation. Curr Drug Metab. 2018;19(6):513–22. https://doi.org/10.2174/1389200219666180129151948</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yu M, Liu M, Zhang W, Ming Y. Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and pharmacogenetics of tacrolimus in kidney transplantation. Curr Drug Metab. 2018;19(6):513–22. https://doi.org/10.2174/1389200219666180129151948</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit56"><label>56</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Burghelea D, Moisoiu T, Ivan C, et al. The use of machine learning algorithms and the mass spectrometry lipidomic profile of serum for the evaluation of tacrolimus exposure and toxicity in kidney transplant recipients. Biomedi­ cines. 2022;10(5):1157. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10051157</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Burghelea D, Moisoiu T, Ivan C, et al. The use of machine learning algorithms and the mass spectrometry lipidomic profile of serum for the evaluation of tacrolimus exposure and toxicity in kidney transplant recipients. Biomedi­ cines. 2022;10(5):1157. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10051157</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit57"><label>57</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Süsal C, Döhler B. Late intra-patient tacrolimus trough level variability as a major problem in kidney transplantation: A collaborative transplant study report. Am J Transplant. 2019;19(10):2805–13. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.15346</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Süsal C, Döhler B. Late intra-patient tacrolimus trough level variability as a major problem in kidney transplantation: A collaborative transplant study report. Am J Transplant. 2019;19(10):2805–13. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.15346</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
