<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vedomostiregmed</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Регуляторные исследования и экспертиза лекарственных средств</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Regulatory Research and Medicine Evaluation</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">3034-3062</issn><issn pub-type="epub">3034-3453</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Federal State Budgetary Institution ‘Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products’ of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (FSBI ‘SCEEMP’)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.30895/1991-2919-2025-751</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vedomostiregmed-751</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ГЛАВНАЯ ТЕМА: РАДИОФАРМАЦЕВТИЧЕСКИЕ ПРЕПАРАТЫ: НА ПУТИ К ПАЦИЕНТУ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>MAIN TOPIC: RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS ON THEIR WAY TO THE PATIENTS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Фармакопейные требования к содержанию элементных примесей в радиофармацевтических лекарственных препаратах (обзор)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Pharmacopoeial requirements for elemental impurities in radiopharmaceuticals (review)</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9440-0950</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Щукин</surname><given-names>В. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shchukin</surname><given-names>V. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Щукин Виктор Михайлович - канд. фарм. наук.</p><p>Петровский б-р, д. 8, стр. 2, Москва, 127051</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Victor M. Shchukin - Cand. Sci. (Pharm.).</p><p>8/2 Petrovsky Blvd, Moscow 127051</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">schukin@expmed.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9133-0835</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кузьмина</surname><given-names>Н. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kuz'mina</surname><given-names>N. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кузьмина Наталия Евгеньевна - д-р хим. наук.</p><p>Петровский б-р, д. 8, стр. 2, Москва, 127051</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nataliya E. Kuz’mina - Dr. Sci. (Chem.).</p><p>8/2 Petrovsky Blvd, Moscow 127051</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">KuzminaN@expmed.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2732-2435</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рузиев</surname><given-names>Р. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ruziev</surname><given-names>R. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Рузиев Рамзес Джауланович - канд. хим. наук.</p><p>Петровский б-р, д. 8, стр. 2, Москва, 127051</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ramzes D. Ruziev - Cand. Sci. (Chem.).</p><p>8/2 Petrovsky Blvd, Moscow 127051</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ruziev@expmed.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2936-3617</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Припадчев</surname><given-names>Д. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Pripadchev</surname><given-names>D. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Припадчев Дмитрий Анатольевич - канд. хим. наук.</p><p>Петровский б-р, д. 8, стр. 2, Москва, 127051</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dmitrii A. Pripadchev - Cand. Sci. (Chem.).</p><p>8/2 Petrovsky Blvd, Moscow 127051</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">pripadchev@expmed.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9684-152X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кузнецов</surname><given-names>М. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kuznetsov</surname><given-names>M. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кузнецов Михаил Анатольевич.</p><p>Петровский б-р, д. 8, стр. 2, Москва, 127051</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Mikhail A. Kuznetsov.</p><p>8/2 Petrovsky Blvd, Moscow 127051</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kuznetsovma@expmed.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение «Научный центр экспертизы средств медицинского применения» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>28</day><month>08</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>15</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>421</fpage><lpage>433</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Щукин В.М., Кузьмина Н.Е., Рузиев Р.Д., Припадчев Д.А., Кузнецов М.А., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Щукин В.М., Кузьмина Н.Е., Рузиев Р.Д., Припадчев Д.А., Кузнецов М.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Shchukin V.M., Kuz'mina N.E., Ruziev R.D., Pripadchev D.A., Kuznetsov M.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.vedomostincesmp.ru/jour/article/view/751">https://www.vedomostincesmp.ru/jour/article/view/751</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>ВВЕДЕНИЕ</title><p>ВВЕДЕНИЕ. Основанная на принципах управления рисками общая стратегия контроля содержания элементных примесей в лекарственных средствах, отраженная в монографиях национальных и мировых фармакопей, не распространяется на радиофармацевтические лекарственные препараты (РФЛП). Перечень нормируемых элементов и их пределы содержания в РФЛП определяет и обосновывает производитель.</p></sec><sec><title>ЦЕЛЬ</title><p>ЦЕЛЬ. Разработка стратегии контроля содержания элементных примесей в РФЛП на основе сравнительного анализа требований национальных и мировых фармакопей к нормированию содержания элементных примесей в данном виде лекарственных средств.</p></sec><sec><title>ОБСУЖДЕНИЕ</title><p>ОБСУЖДЕНИЕ. Пределы содержания элементных примесей в конкретных РФЛП приведены в частных монографиях фармакопей (24 монографии в Европейской фармакопее, по 7 в Индийской фармакопее и Государственной фармакопее Российской Федерации, по 6 в Фармакопеях США, КНР, Японии, 4 в Фармакопее Республики Корея). Монографии на одни и те же РФЛП различаются перечнем нормируемых элементов или пределами их содержания, общие критерии их выбора отсутствуют. В большинстве случаев нормируют содержание исходных нерадиоактивных элементов; элементов, соединения которых вводят в качестве стабилизаторов для задержки радиолиза или сорбентов (оксиды Ti, Zr, Sn и Al); элементов, снижающих эффективность радиоактивного мечения препарата (Cu, Fe, Pb, Zn в растворе 177Lu; Cu, Cd, Fe в растворе 111InCl; Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb, Zn в растворе 90Y и т.д.). Пределы содержания элементных примесей в РФЛП рассчитывают исходя из их допустимого воздействия на физико-химические, биологические и радиохимические свойства РФЛП с учетом дозы введения препарата. Содержание элементов с неустановленными значениями предельно допустимого суточного воздействия подлежит нормированию в том случае, если они оказывают влияние на процесс радиомечения препарата или целевого диагностируемого органа. В отношении прекурсоров РФЛП также отсутствует единый подход к нормированию содержания элементных примесей.</p></sec><sec><title>ВЫВОДЫ</title><p>ВЫВОДЫ. Производителям РФЛП предложена стратегия контроля содержания элементных примесей в готовой продукции, основанная на оценке рисков их негативного влияния на качественные характеристики препарата. Она содержит обобщенные критерии выбора перечня нормируемых элементов и пределов их содержания в РФЛП, что существенно упрощает процесс подготовки нормативной документации по этому показателю.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>INTRODUCTION</title><p>INTRODUCTION. Current risk-based general strategies for the control of elemental impurities in medicinal products, as documented in the elemental impurity monographs of national and world pharmacopoeias, do not apply to radiopharmaceuticals. Manufacturers of radiopharmaceuticals have to determine and substantiate the lists of specified elemental impurities and their limits.</p></sec><sec><title>AIM</title><p>AIM. This study aimed to develop a control strategy for elemental impurities in radiopharmaceuticals by analysing the requirements of national and world pharmacopoeias to the levels of specified elemental impurities in radiopharmaceuticals.</p></sec><sec><title>DISCUSSION</title><p>DISCUSSION. Limits for the amounts of elemental impurities in specific radiopharmaceuticals are provided in individual monographs of pharmacopoeias (24 monographs in the European Pharmacopoeia, 7 monographs in the Indian Pharmacopoeia, 7 monographs in the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation, 6 monographs in the United States Pharmacopeia, 6 monographs in the Japanese Pharmacopoeia, 6 monographs in the Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China, and 4 monographs in the Korean Pharmacopoeia). Individual monographs for the same radiopharmaceuticals differ in the lists of elemental impurities and the corresponding limits. Moreover, these monographs lack common criteria for selecting elemental impurities and establishing limits for them. In most cases, limits are set for the parent non-radioactive elements, the elements that are added as components of radiolytic stabilisers or sorbents (Ti, Zr, Sn, and Al oxides), and the elements that decrease radiolabelling efficiency (Cu, Fe, Pb, and Zn in 177Lu solutions; Cu, Cd, and Fe in 111InCl solutions; Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb, and Zn in 90Y solutions; etc.). Elemental impurity limits for radiopharmaceuticals are calculated on the basis of the acceptable impact on the physicochemical, biological, and radiochemical properties of the product used and the dose administered. The elements that lack specified permitted daily exposure (PDE) limits are subject to specification if these elements affect the target organ or the process of medicinal product radiolabelling. There is also no unified approach to limiting the amounts of elemental impurities in radiopharmaceutical precursors.</p></sec><sec><title>CONCLUSIONS</title><p>CONCLUSIONS. This article provides radiopharmaceutical manufacturers with a control strategy for elemental impurities in finished medicinal products, based on assessing the risk of elemental impurities having a negative impact on the quality attributes of medicinal products. This strategy includes generalised criteria for selecting the list of specified impurities and their limits for radiopharmaceuticals, which significantly streamlines the preparation of regulatory documentation concerning this quality attribute.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>радиофармацевтический лекарственный препарат</kwd><kwd>радиофармпрепарат</kwd><kwd>радионуклид</kwd><kwd>фармакопейные требования</kwd><kwd>радиомечение</kwd><kwd>химические предшественники</kwd><kwd>элементные примеси</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>pharmacopoeial requirements</kwd><kwd>radiopharmaceuticals</kwd><kwd>PET</kwd><kwd>precursors</kwd><kwd>chemical precursors</kwd><kwd>elemental impurities</kwd><kwd>metal impurities</kwd><kwd>elemental impurity level</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена в рамках государственного задания ФГБУ «НЦЭСМП» Минздрава России № 056-00001-25-00 на проведение прикладных научных исследований (номер государственного учета НИР 124022300127-0).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This study was conducted by the Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products as part of the applied research funded under State Assignment No. 056-00001-25-00 (R&amp;D Registry No. 124022300127-0).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gillings N, Hjelstuen O, Behe M, Decristoforo C, Elsinga PH, Ferrari V, et al. EANM guideline on quality risk management for radiopharmaceuticals. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2022;49(10):3353–64. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-022-05738-4</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gillings N, Hjelstuen O, Behe M, Decristoforo C, Elsinga PH, Ferrari V, et al. EANM guideline on quality risk management for radiopharmaceuticals. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2022;49(10):3353–64. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-022-05738-4</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кодина ГЕ, Малышева АО. Основные проблемы обеспечения качества радиофармацевтических лекарственных препаратов. Ведомости Научного центра экспертизы средств медицинского применения. 2019;9(4):216–30. https://doi.org/10.30895/1991-2919-2019-9-4-216-230</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kodina GE, Malysheva AO. The main issues of quality assurance of radiopharmaceuticals. Bulletin of the Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products. 2019;9(4):216–30 (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.30895/1991-2919-2019-9-4-216-230</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Косенко ВВ, Трапкова АА, Калмыков СН. Регулирование обращения радиофармацевтических препаратов. Ведомости Научного центра экспертизы средств медицинского применения. Регуляторные исследования и экспертиза лекарственных средств. 2022;12(4):379–88. https://doi.org/10.30895/1991-2919-2022-12-4-379-388</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kosenko VV, Trapkova AA, Kalmykov SN. Regulation of radiopharmaceutical products. Bulletin of the Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products. Regulatory Research and Medicine Evaluation. 2022;12(4):379–88 (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.30895/1991-2919-2022-12-4-379-388</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Koziorowski J, Behe M, Decristoforo C, Ballinger J, Elsinga P, Ferrari V, et al. Position paper on requirements for toxicological studies in the specific case of radiopharmaceuticals. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem. 2017;1(1):1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41181-016-0004-6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Koziorowski J, Behe M, Decristoforo C, Ballinger J, Elsinga P, Ferrari V, et al. Position paper on requirements for toxicological studies in the specific case of radiopharmaceuticals. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem. 2017;1(1):1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41181-016-0004-6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Radchenko V, Baimukhanova A, Filosofov D. Radiochemical aspects in modern radiopharmaceutical trends: A practical guide. Solvent Extr Ion Exch. 2021;39(7):714–44. https://doi.org/10.1080/07366299.2021.1874099</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Radchenko V, Baimukhanova A, Filosofov D. Radiochemical aspects in modern radiopharmaceutical trends: A practical guide. Solvent Extr Ion Exch. 2021;39(7):714–44. https://doi.org/10.1080/07366299.2021.1874099</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Talip Z, Favaretto C, Geistlich S, van der Meulen NP. A step-by-step guide for the novel radiometal production for medical applications: Case studies with 68Ga, 44Sc, 177Lu and 161Tb. Molecules. 2020;25(4):966. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25040966</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Talip Z, Favaretto C, Geistlich S, van der Meulen NP. A step-by-step guide for the novel radiometal production for medical applications: Case studies with 68Ga, 44Sc, 177Lu and 161Tb. Molecules. 2020;25(4):966. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25040966</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sharp PF, Goatman KA. Nuclear medicine imaging. In: Sharp PF, Gemmel HG, Murray AD, eds. Practical nuclear medicine. London: Springer; 2005. P. 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1007/b136183</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sharp PF, Goatman KA. Nuclear medicine imaging. In: Sharp PF, Gemmel HG, Murray AD, eds. Practical nuclear medicine. London: Springer; 2005. P. 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1007/b136183</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zeng D, Anderson CJ. Rapid and sensitive LC-MS approach to quantify non-radioactive transition metal impurities in metal radionuclides. Chem Commun (Camb). 2013;49(26):2697–9. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3cc39071c</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zeng D, Anderson CJ. Rapid and sensitive LC-MS approach to quantify non-radioactive transition metal impurities in metal radionuclides. Chem Commun (Camb). 2013;49(26):2697–9. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3cc39071c</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Papagiannopoulou D. Technetium-99m radiochemistry for pharmaceutical applications. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm. 2017;60(11):502–20. https://doi.org/10.1002/jlcr.3531</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Papagiannopoulou D. Technetium-99m radiochemistry for pharmaceutical applications. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm. 2017;60(11):502–20. https://doi.org/10.1002/jlcr.3531</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Breeman WAP, de Jong M, Visser TJ, Erion L, Krenning EP. Optimising conditions for radiolabelling of DOTA-peptides with 90Y, 111In and 177Lu at high specific activities. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2003;30(6):917–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-003-1142-0</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Breeman WAP, de Jong M, Visser TJ, Erion L, Krenning EP. Optimising conditions for radiolabelling of DOTA-peptides with 90Y, 111In and 177Lu at high specific activities. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2003;30(6):917–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-003-1142-0</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ermert J, Benešová M, Hugenberg V, Gupta V, Spahn I, Pietzsch H-J, et al. Radiopharmaceutical sciences. In: Ahmadzadehfar H, Biersack HJ, Freeman L, Zuckier L, eds. Clinical nuclear medicine. Springer Cham; 2020. P. 49–193. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39457-8_2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ermert J, Benešová M, Hugenberg V, Gupta V, Spahn I, Pietzsch H-J, et al. Radiopharmaceutical sciences. In: Ahmadzadehfar H, Biersack HJ, Freeman L, Zuckier L, eds. Clinical nuclear medicine. Springer Cham; 2020. P. 49–193. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39457-8_2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Saha GB. Characteristics of specific radiopharmaceuticals. In: Saha GB, ed. Fundamentals of nuclear pharmacy. New York: Springer; 2003. P. 105–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-4024-0</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Saha GB. Characteristics of specific radiopharmaceuticals. In: Saha GB, ed. Fundamentals of nuclear pharmacy. New York: Springer; 2003. P. 105–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-4024-0</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sampson CB. Adverse reactions and drug interactions with radiopharmaceuticals. Drug Saf. 1993;8(4):280–94. https://doi.org/10.2165/00002018-199308040-00003</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sampson CB. Adverse reactions and drug interactions with radiopharmaceuticals. Drug Saf. 1993;8(4):280–94. https://doi.org/10.2165/00002018-199308040-00003</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Saha GB. Radionuclide generators. In: Saha GB, ed. Fundamentals of nuclear pharmacy. New York: Springer; 2003. P. 53–66. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-4024-0</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Saha GB. Radionuclide generators. In: Saha GB, ed. Fundamentals of nuclear pharmacy. New York: Springer; 2003. P. 53–66. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-4024-0</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mettler FA, Guiberteau MJ. Radioactivity, radionuclides, and radiopharmaceuticals. In: Mettler FA, Guiberteau MJ. Essentials of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2019. P. 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2016-0-00043-8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mettler FA, Guiberteau MJ. Radioactivity, radionuclides, and radiopharmaceuticals. In: Mettler FA, Guiberteau MJ. Essentials of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2019. P. 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2016-0-00043-8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vallabhajosula S, Killeen RP, Osborne JR. Altered biodistribution of radiopharmaceuticals: Role of radiochemical/pharmaceutical purity, physiological, and pharmacologic factors. Semin Nucl Med. 2010;40(4):220–41. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2010.02.004</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vallabhajosula S, Killeen RP, Osborne JR. Altered biodistribution of radiopharmaceuticals: Role of radiochemical/pharmaceutical purity, physiological, and pharmacologic factors. Semin Nucl Med. 2010;40(4):220–41. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2010.02.004</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Forgács V, Fekete A, Gyuricza B, Szücs D, Trencsényi G, Szikra D. Methods for the determination of transition metal impurities in cyclotron-produced radiometals. Pharmaceuticals. 2022;15(2):147–58. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph15020147</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Forgács V, Fekete A, Gyuricza B, Szücs D, Trencsényi G, Szikra D. Methods for the determination of transition metal impurities in cyclotron-produced radiometals. Pharmaceuticals. 2022;15(2):147–58. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph15020147</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kilian K, Chabecki B, Kiec J, Kunka A, Panas B, Wójcik M, et al. Synthesis, quality control and determination of metallic impurities in F-fludeoxyglucose production process. Rep Pract Oncol Radiother. 2014;19(Suppl):22–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rpor.2014.03.001</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kilian K, Chabecki B, Kiec J, Kunka A, Panas B, Wójcik M, et al. Synthesis, quality control and determination of metallic impurities in F-fludeoxyglucose production process. Rep Pract Oncol Radiother. 2014;19(Suppl):22–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rpor.2014.03.001</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wu F, Chen M, Wang X, Wang C, Sun M, Qiu S, et al. Impurity of gallium-[68Ga] chloride solution from generator. Atomic Energy Science and Technology. 2023;57(10):1889–98 (In Chinese). https://doi.org/10.7538/yzk.2022.youxian.0897</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wu F, Chen M, Wang X, Wang C, Sun M, Qiu S, et al. Impurity of gallium-[68Ga] chloride solution from generator. Atomic Energy Science and Technology. 2023;57(10):1889–98 (In Chinese). https://doi.org/10.7538/yzk.2022.youxian.0897</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hung JC. Quality control in nuclear pharmacy. In: Kowalsky R, ed. Radiopharmaceuticals in nuclear pharmacy and nuclear medicine. Washington, DC: American Pharmacists Association; 2020. P. 345–80. https://doi.org/10.21019/9781582122830.ch14</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hung JC. Quality control in nuclear pharmacy. In: Kowalsky R, ed. Radiopharmaceuticals in nuclear pharmacy and nuclear medicine. Washington, DC: American Pharmacists Association; 2020. P. 345–80. https://doi.org/10.21019/9781582122830.ch14</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
