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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vedomostiregmed</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Регуляторные исследования и экспертиза лекарственных средств</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Regulatory Research and Medicine Evaluation</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">3034-3062</issn><issn pub-type="epub">3034-3453</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Federal State Budgetary Institution ‘Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products’ of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (FSBI ‘SCEEMP’)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.30895/1991-2919-2024-14-3-283-294</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vedomostiregmed-629</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>БЕЗОПАСНОСТЬ ЛЕКАРСТВЕННЫХ СРЕДСТВ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>SAFETY OF MEDICINES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Комплексная оценка функционального состояния мочевыделительной системы в доклинических исследованиях. Часть 1. Инструментальные и лабораторные методы оценки (обзор)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Complex Assessment of the Functional State of the Urinary System in Preclinical Studies. Part 1. Instrumental and Laboratory Assessment Methods (Review)</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9828-3242</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мирошников</surname><given-names>М. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Miroshnikov</surname><given-names>M. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мирошников Михаил Владимирович, канд. мед. наук</p><p>Заводская ул., д. 3, к. 245, г.п. Кузьмоловский, Всеволожский район, Ленинградская обл., 188663</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Mikhail V. Miroshnikov, Cand. Sci. (Med.)</p><p>3/245 Zavodskaya St., Kuzmolovsky urban-type settlement, Vsevolozhsky district, Leningrad region 188663</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">miroshnikov.mv@doclinika.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9846-8335</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Султанова</surname><given-names>К. Т.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sultanova</surname><given-names>K. T.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Султанова Кира Тимуровна, канд. мед. наук</p><p>Заводская ул., д. 3, к. 245, г.п. Кузьмоловский, Всеволожский район, Ленинградская обл., 188663</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p> Kira T. Sultanova, Cand. Sci. (Med.)</p><p>3/245 Zavodskaya St., Kuzmolovsky urban-type settlement, Vsevolozhsky district, Leningrad region 188663</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">sultanova.kt@doclinika.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3176-6386</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Макарова</surname><given-names>М. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Makarova</surname><given-names>M. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Макарова Марина Николаевна, доктор мед. наук</p><p>Заводская ул., д. 3, к. 245, г.п. Кузьмоловский, Всеволожский район, Ленинградская обл., 188663</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Marina N. Makarova, Dr. Sci. (Med.)</p><p>3/245 Zavodskaya St., Kuzmolovsky urban-type settlement, Vsevolozhsky district, Leningrad region 188663</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">makarova.mn@doclinika.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6866-5741</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фаустова</surname><given-names>Н. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Faustova</surname><given-names>N. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Фаустова Наталья Михайловна, канд. хим. наук</p><p>Заводская ул., д. 3, к. 245, г.п. Кузьмоловский, Всеволожский район, Ленинградская обл., 188663</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Natalia M. Faustova, Cand. Sci. (Chem.)</p><p>3/245 Zavodskaya St., Kuzmolovsky urban-type settlement, Vsevolozhsky district, Leningrad region 188663</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">faustova.nm@doclinika.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6792-2091</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хан</surname><given-names>С. О.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Khan</surname><given-names>S. O.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Хан Станислав Олегович</p><p>Заводская ул., д. 3, к. 245, г.п. Кузьмоловский, Всеволожский район, Ленинградская обл., 188663</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Stanislav O. Khan</p><p>3/245 Zavodskaya St., Kuzmolovsky urban-type settlement, Vsevolozhsky district, Leningrad region 188663</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">khan.so@doclinika.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4668-217X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лосева</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Loseva</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Лосева Екатерина Александровна</p><p>Заводская ул., д. 3, к. 245, г.п. Кузьмоловский, Всеволожский район, Ленинградская обл., 188663</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ekaterina A. Loseva</p><p>3/245 Zavodskaya St., Kuzmolovsky urban-type settlement, Vsevolozhsky district, Leningrad region 188663</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">loseva.ea@doclinika.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Акционерное общество «Научно-производственное объединение «ДОМ ФАРМАЦИИ»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Research-and-manufacturing company “HOME OF PHARMACY”</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>20</day><month>06</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>14</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>283</fpage><lpage>294</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Мирошников М.В., Султанова К.Т., Макарова М.Н., Фаустова Н.М., Хан С.О., Лосева Е.А., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Мирошников М.В., Султанова К.Т., Макарова М.Н., Фаустова Н.М., Хан С.О., Лосева Е.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Miroshnikov M.V., Sultanova K.T., Makarova M.N., Faustova N.M., Khan S.O., Loseva E.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.vedomostincesmp.ru/jour/article/view/629">https://www.vedomostincesmp.ru/jour/article/view/629</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>ВВЕДЕНИЕ</title><p>ВВЕДЕНИЕ. Оценка функции мочевыделительной системы, и в большей степени почек, является важной задачей доклинических исследований. В настоящее время не существует общепризнанного и детального подхода к определению лекарственно-индуцированной нефротоксичности in vivo и четких критериев ее оценки.</p></sec><sec><title>ЦЕЛЬ</title><p>ЦЕЛЬ. Систематизация инструментальных и лабораторных методов оценки функций мочевыделительной системы лабораторных животных и выявление основных принципов изучения нефротоксического действия лекарственных средств.</p></sec><sec><title>ОБСУЖДЕНИЕ</title><p>ОБСУЖДЕНИЕ. Проанализированы преимущества и ограничения методов исследования нефротоксичности лекарственных средств. Рассмотрены особенности их применения у мелких и крупных лабораторных животных. Целесообразно начинать оценку влияния веществ на мочевыделительную систему с малоинвазивных методов. Один из таких методов — анализ мочи, важными аспектами которого являются техника отбора и объем биоматериала, а также временной интервал между забором мочи и проведением теста. Наиболее доступным инструментальным методом в рамках доклинических исследований является ультразвуковое исследование, которое позволяет оценить положение органов, их размеры, структуру и эхогенность, обнаружить аномалии и изменения в режиме реального времени. Для каждого лабораторного вида предпочтительны свои настройки метода. К последующим этапам относятся макроскопическое изучение органов, измерение их массы и микроскопический анализ тканей. Визуально необходимо оценивать размеры, цвет и консистенцию мочеточников, мочевого пузыря и почек. Нефротоксичность может быть обнаружена в виде усиленного апоптоза, вакуолизации цитоплазмы эпителия почечных канальцев, дегенерации или дистрофии эпителия, отека, диапедезных кровоизлияний, острого канальцевого и папиллярного некроза, некроза капсулы Боумена — Шумлянского, возникновения слепков и кристаллов в просвете канальцев, развития гломерулопатий с соответствующими изменениями, а также воспалительных и сосудистых реакций.</p></sec><sec><title>ВЫВОДЫ</title><p>ВЫВОДЫ. В результате анализа и систематизации инструментальных и лабораторных методов оценки функционального состояния мочевыделительной системы в доклинических исследованиях были обозначены основные принципы структурированного и всестороннего изучения потенциальной нефротоксичности новых лекарственных средств. Оценку нефротоксичности целесообразно начинать с простых и малоинвазивных лабораторных и инструментальных методов, к которым относится общий анализ мочи и микроскопия мочевого осадка, что позволяет определить наличие нарушения функции органа, еще не имеющего сопутствующего анатомического поражения. При более глубоком анализе следует использовать методы гистологического и иммуногистохимического исследований тканей органов мочевыделительной системы животных.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>INTRODUCTION</title><p>INTRODUCTION. Functional examination of the urinary system, and particularly the kidneys, is an important challenge in preclinical studies. Currently, there is no generally recognised and detailed approach to drug-induced nephrotoxicity detection in vivo, nor are there clear criteria for its assessment.</p></sec><sec><title>AIM</title><p>AIM. This study aimed to analyse and systematise instrumental and laboratory methods for the assessment of urinary system function in laboratory animals and to identify the basic principles for studying drug-induced nephrotoxic effects.</p></sec><sec><title>DISCUSSION</title><p>DISCUSSION. The study analysed the advantages and limitations of the methods used to study the nephrotoxicity of medicinal products, with considerations for the use of these methods in small and large laboratory animals. The effects of a test substance on the urinary system should first be evaluated using minimally invasive methods. One of these methods is urinalysis. For urinalysis, important considerations include the sampling technique, the volume of the biomaterial, and the turnaround time between urine collection and analysis. Ultrasonography is the most accessible instrumental method in preclinical studies. Ultrasonography can assess organ position, size, structure, and echogenicity and detect abnormalities and changes in real time. Dif ferent method settings are preferred for each species of laboratory animal. Further analysis can include macroscopic examination of organs, measurement of their masses, and microscopic analysis of tissues. Visual assessment should cover the size, colour, and consistency of the ureters, bladder, and kidneys. Nephrotoxicity may manifest as increased apoptosis, vacuolation of renal tubular epithelial cells, epithelial degeneration or dystrophy, oedema, diapedesis-associated haemorrhages, acute tubular and papillary necrosis, necrosis of the Bowman–Schumlansky capsule, casts and crystals in the tubular lumen, glomerulopathy with the corresponding changes, and inflammatory and vascular reactions.</p></sec><sec><title>CONCLUSIONS</title><p>CONCLUSIONS. The study analysed and systematised instrumental and laboratory methods for assessing the functional state of the urinary system in preclinical studies. The authors outlined the basic principles for a structured and comprehensive study of the potential nephrotoxicity of novel medicines. The assessment of nephrotoxicity should start with simple and minimally invasive laboratory and instrumental methods, which include general urinalysis and microscopic examination of urine sediment. These methods can detect organ dysfunction that has not yet presented with an associated anatomical lesion. A more in-depth analysis should involve histological and immunohistochemical methods to examine the urinary tissues of laboratory animals.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>доклинические исследования</kwd><kwd>почки</kwd><kwd>нефротоксичность</kwd><kwd>мочевыделительная система</kwd><kwd>моча</kwd><kwd>анализ мочи</kwd><kwd>лабораторные животные</kwd><kwd>ультразвуковое исследование</kwd><kwd>УЗИ</kwd><kwd>патоморфологическое исследование</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>preclinical studies</kwd><kwd>kidneys</kwd><kwd>nephrotoxicity</kwd><kwd>urinary system</kwd><kwd>urine</kwd><kwd>urinalysis</kwd><kwd>laboratory animals</kwd><kwd>ultrasonography</kwd><kwd>USG</kwd><kwd>necropsy</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Енгалычева ГН, Сюбаев РД, Горячев ДВ. 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