<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vedomostiregmed</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Регуляторные исследования и экспертиза лекарственных средств</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Regulatory Research and Medicine Evaluation</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">3034-3062</issn><issn pub-type="epub">3034-3453</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Federal State Budgetary Institution ‘Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products’ of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (FSBI ‘SCEEMP’)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.30895/1991-2919-2024-14-1-29-41</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vedomostiregmed-615</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИННОВАЦИОННЫЕ ЛЕКАРСТВЕННЫЕ ПРЕПАРАТЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>INNOVATIVE MEDICINAL PRODUCTS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Регуляторные механизмы внедрения генной и клеточной терапии в медицинскую практику в странах Восточной Азии</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Regulation for the Translation of Gene and Cell Therapy into Medical Practice in East Asian Countries</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9585-3545</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мельникова</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Melnikova</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мельникова Екатерина Валерьевна, канд. биол. наук</p><p>Петровский б-р, д. 8, стр. 2, Москва, 127051</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ekaterina V. Melnikova, Cand. Sci. (Biol).</p><p>8/2 Petrovsky Blvd, Moscow 127051</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Melnikovaev@expmed.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4891-973X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Меркулов</surname><given-names>В. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Merkulov</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Меркулов Вадим Анатольевич, д-р мед. наук, профессор</p><p>Петровский б-р, д. 8, стр. 2, Москва, 127051Трубецкая ул., д. 8, стр. 2, Москва, 119991</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vadim A. Merkulov, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor</p><p>8/2 Petrovsky Blvd, Moscow 1270518/2 Trubetskaya St., Moscow 119991</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Merkulov@expmed.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7013-0394</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Меркулова</surname><given-names>О. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Merkulova</surname><given-names>O. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Меркулова Ольга Владимировна, канд. мед. наук</p><p>Петровский б-р, д. 8, стр. 2, Москва, 127051</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Olga V. Merkulova, Cand. Sci. (Med.)</p><p>8/2 Petrovsky Blvd, Moscow 127051</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Merkulova@expmed.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение «Научный центр экспертизы средств медицинского применения» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение «Научный центр экспертизы средств медицинского применения» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации; Федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова» (Сеченовский Университет) Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>27</day><month>02</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>14</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>29</fpage><lpage>41</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Мельникова Е.В., Меркулов В.А., Меркулова О.В., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Мельникова Е.В., Меркулов В.А., Меркулова О.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Melnikova E.V., Merkulov V.A., Merkulova O.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.vedomostincesmp.ru/jour/article/view/615">https://www.vedomostincesmp.ru/jour/article/view/615</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>АКТУАЛЬНОСТЬ</title><p>АКТУАЛЬНОСТЬ. В Российской Федерации в настоящее время недостаточно проработано нормативно-правовое поле для применения препаратов генной и клеточной терапии (ГКТ), отсутствуют нормы, регулирующие проведение клинических исследований не для целей государственной регистрации. В то же время в мировой практике помимо государственной регистрации, в том числе на основе неполных данных с установлением пострегистрационных мер, существуют регуляторные механизмы применения незарегистрированных препаратов ГКТ (например, в рамках механизмов «исключений для больничного производства», «расширенного доступа» или «сострадательного использования» в странах Европейского союза и США). В странах Восточной Азии относительно недавно были проведены реформы в этой области.</p></sec><sec><title>ЦЕЛЬ</title><p>ЦЕЛЬ. Анализ регуляторных механизмов транслирования препаратов генной и клеточной терапии в медицинскую практику в странах Восточной Азии для оценки возможности переноса элементов зарубежного опыта в российскую практику.</p></sec><sec><title>ОБСУЖДЕНИЕ</title><p>ОБСУЖДЕНИЕ. В странах Восточной Азии законодательно введены требования к производству и использованию препаратов ГКТ в медицинской практике: обязательное наличие лицензии на производство в соответствии с правилами надлежащей производственной практики, рассмотрение обоснования применения препаратов регуляторными органами или специальными комитетами, классификация исследовательских препаратов ГКТ по степени опасности, утвержденные реестры медицинских учреждений для применения, необходимый мониторинг и контроль за пациентами после применения. Установлено, что в рамках медицинских технологий (Япония, Китай, Тайвань) или услуг (Республика Корея) применяются только инновационные препараты на основе клеток, в том числе генетически модифицированных, препараты генной терапии in vivo могут применяться только в рамках клинических исследований, инициированных исследователями.</p></sec><sec><title>ВЫВОДЫ</title><p>ВЫВОДЫ. Наиболее востребованным для Российской Федерации является опыт введения в медицинскую практику препаратов ГКТ в странах Восточной Азии, особенно в плане их применения на основе накопленного клинического опыта по конкретным показаниям. Отмечена целесообразность закрепления в отечественном национальном законодательстве легального проведения исследовательских клинических исследований.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>SCIENTIFIC RELEVANCE</title><p>SCIENTIFIC RELEVANCE. Currently, the Russian Federation lacks a comprehensive regulatory framework for the use of gene and cell therapy (GCT) products. There is no standard for conducting clinical trials for purposes other than marketing authorisation in Russia. In contrast, international practice shows that, in addition to marketing authorisation, including approval based on incomplete data with post-approval commitments, there are regulatory mechanisms for the use of unregistered GCT products, such as hospital exemptions, expanded access, or compassionate use in the European Union and the USA. Relatively recently, this framework has been reformed in East Asian countries.</p></sec><sec><title>AIM</title><p>AIM. This study aimed to analyse the regulatory mechanisms for translating GCT products into medical practice in East Asian countries and to assess the possibility of transferring elements of international experience to Russian practice.</p></sec><sec><title>DISCUSSION</title><p>DISCUSSION. East Asian countries have adopted legislation on requirements for the manufacturing and medicinal use of GCT products. These requirements include having a mandatory license for production in accordance with Good Manufacturing Practice, consideration of the rationale for the use of GCT products by regulatory authorities or special committees, risk classification of investigational GCT products, approved registries of medical institutions authorised to use GCT products, and necessary monitoring and control of patients after GCT administration. Only cellbased innovative medicines, including genetically modified cells, are used within the framework of medical technologies (Japan, China, and Taiwan) or services (Republic of Korea), and in vivo gene therapy products can be used only in investigator-initiated clinical trials.</p></sec><sec><title>CONCLUSIONS</title><p>CONCLUSIONS. The East Asian experience in translating GСT products into medical practice would be extremely useful for the Russian Federation, especially in terms of GСT use for specific indications based on accumulated clinical experience. The review suggests that it would be appropriate to establish legal provisions for investigator-initiated clinical research in Russian national legislation.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>генная и клеточная терапия</kwd><kwd>незарегистрированные препараты</kwd><kwd>исключения для больничного производства</kwd><kwd>расширенный доступ</kwd><kwd>сострадательное использование</kwd><kwd>медицинские технологии</kwd><kwd>биомедицинский клеточный продукт для индивидуального медицинского применения</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>gene and cell therapy</kwd><kwd>unregistered medicinal products</kwd><kwd>hospital exemption</kwd><kwd>expanded access</kwd><kwd>compassionate use</kwd><kwd>medical technologies</kwd><kwd>biomedical cell product for individual medical use</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена в рамках государственного задания ФГБУ «НЦЭСМП» Минздрава России № 05600026-24-00 на проведение прикладных научных исследований (номер государственного учета НИР 124022200093-9)</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study reported in this publication was carried out as part of publicly funded research project No. 056-00026-24-00 and was supported by the Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products (R&amp;D reporting No. 124022200093-9)</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Солдатов АА, Авдеева ЖИ, Горенков ДВ, Хантимирова ЛМ, Гусева СГ, Меркулов ВА. Проблемные аспекты разработки и регистрации генотерапевтических препаратов. БИОпрепараты. Профилактика, диагностика, лечение. 2022;22(1):6–22. https://doi.org/10.30895/2221-996X-2022-22-1-6-22</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Soldatov AA, Avdeeva ZhI, Gorenkov DV, Khantimirova LM, Guseva SG, Merkulov VA. Challenges in development and authorisation of gene therapy products. Biological Products. Prevention, Diagnosis, Treatment. 2022;22(1):6–22 (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.30895/2221-996X-2022-22-1-6-22</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tanaka T, Karasawa H, Yasumoto M, Choi BH, Chang R, Komuro M, et al. Non-clinical, quality and environmental impact assessments of cell and gene therapy products: Report on the 5th Asia Partnership Conference of Regenerative Medicine — April 7, 2022. Cytotherapy. 2023;25(7):683–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcyt.2023.03.012</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tanaka T, Karasawa H, Yasumoto M, Choi BH, Chang R, Komuro M, et al. Non-clinical, quality and environmental impact assessments of cell and gene therapy products: Report on the 5th Asia Partnership Conference of Regenerative Medicine — April 7, 2022. Cytotherapy. 2023;25(7):683–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcyt.2023.03.012</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cuende N, Ciccocioppo R, Forte M, Galipeau J, Ikonomou L, Levine BL, et al. Patient access to and ethical considerations of the application of the European Union hospital exemption rule for advanced therapy medicinal products. Cytotherapy. 2022;24(7):686–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcyt.2022.03.007</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cuende N, Ciccocioppo R, Forte M, Galipeau J, Ikonomou L, Levine BL, et al. Patient access to and ethical considerations of the application of the European Union hospital exemption rule for advanced therapy medicinal products. Cytotherapy. 2022;24(7):686–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcyt.2022.03.007</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ikka T, Fujita M, Hatta T, Isobe T, Konomi K, Onishi T, et al. Difficulties in ensuring review quality performed by committees under the Act on the Safety of Regenerative Medicine in Japan. Stem Cell Reports. 2023;18(3):613–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stemcr.2023.01.013</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ikka T, Fujita M, Hatta T, Isobe T, Konomi K, Onishi T, et al. Difficulties in ensuring review quality performed by committees under the Act on the Safety of Regenerative Medicine in Japan. Stem Cell Reports. 2023;18(3):613–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stemcr.2023.01.013</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fujita M, Hatta T, Ide K. Current status of cell-based interventions in Japan. Cell Stem Cell. 2022;29(9):1294–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stem.2022.08.003</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fujita M, Hatta T, Ide K. Current status of cell-based interventions in Japan. Cell Stem Cell. 2022;29(9):1294–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stem.2022.08.003</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Arita A, Tobita M. Current status of platelet-rich plasma therapy under the Act on the Safety of Regenerative Medicine in Japan. Regen Ther. 2023;23:37–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reth.2023.03.001</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arita A, Tobita M. Current status of platelet-rich plasma therapy under the Act on the Safety of Regenerative Medicine in Japan. Regen Ther. 2023;23:37–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reth.2023.03.001</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tsai TH, Ling TY, Lee CH. Adoption of regulations for cell therapy development: linkage between Taiwan and Japan. Clin Transl Sci. 2020;13(6):1045–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/cts.12813</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tsai TH, Ling TY, Lee CH. Adoption of regulations for cell therapy development: linkage between Taiwan and Japan. Clin Transl Sci. 2020;13(6):1045–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/cts.12813</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen M. Designing regulatory strategies for accelerating regenerative products innovation and patient access in Taiwan. Cytotherapy. 2019;21(5):S46–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcyt.2019.03.398</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen M. Designing regulatory strategies for accelerating regenerative products innovation and patient access in Taiwan. Cytotherapy. 2019;21(5):S46–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcyt.2019.03.398</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abolarinwa BA, Shaw MK, Lee CH. Perspectives on challenges to cell therapy development in Taiwan: strengthening evidential standards and ways forward. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2021;9:789043. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2021.789043</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abolarinwa BA, Shaw MK, Lee CH. Perspectives on challenges to cell therapy development in Taiwan: strengthening evidential standards and ways forward. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2021;9:789043. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2021.789043</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Takashima K, Morrison M, Minar J. Reflection on the enactment and impact of safety laws for regenerative medicine in Japan. Stem Cell Reports. 2021;16(6):1425–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.04.017</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Takashima K, Morrison M, Minar J. Reflection on the enactment and impact of safety laws for regenerative medicine in Japan. Stem Cell Reports. 2021;16(6):1425–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.04.017</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yin Ch, Gao J, Li G, Hu H, Zhou L, Lu Sh, Chen X. Gene and cell therapies in China: booming landscape under dual-track regulation. J Hematol Oncol. 2022;15(1):139. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13045-022-01354-9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yin Ch, Gao J, Li G, Hu H, Zhou L, Lu Sh, Chen X. Gene and cell therapies in China: booming landscape under dual-track regulation. J Hematol Oncol. 2022;15(1):139. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13045-022-01354-9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wu W, Wang Y, Tang Z, Gao Y, Huo Y. Regulatory oversight of cell therapy in China: government’s efforts in patient access and therapeutic innovation. Pharmacol Res. 2020;158:104889. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104889</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wu W, Wang Y, Tang Z, Gao Y, Huo Y. Regulatory oversight of cell therapy in China: government’s efforts in patient access and therapeutic innovation. Pharmacol Res. 2020;158:104889. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104889</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jiaqi L, Longchang X, Wei W, Wu H. Advanced therapy medicinal products in China: regulation and development. MedComm (2020). 2023;4(3):e251. https://doi.org/10.1002/mco2.251</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jiaqi L, Longchang X, Wei W, Wu H. Advanced therapy medicinal products in China: regulation and development. MedComm (2020). 2023;4(3):e251. https://doi.org/10.1002/mco2.251</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bai H, Zhang Sh. Challenges of investigator-initiated clinical trials to support the new drug development. Zhongguo Fei Ai Za Zhi (Chin J Lung Cancer). 2022;25(7):511–6. https://doi.org/10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2022.102.31</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bai H, Zhang Sh. Challenges of investigator-initiated clinical trials to support the new drug development. Zhongguo Fei Ai Za Zhi (Chin J Lung Cancer). 2022;25(7):511–6. https://doi.org/10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2022.102.31</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Han E, Shin W. Regulation of cell therapy products in Korea. ISBT Sci Ser. 2015;10(S1):129–33. https://doi.org/10.1111/voxs.12158</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Han E, Shin W. Regulation of cell therapy products in Korea. ISBT Sci Ser. 2015;10(S1):129–33. https://doi.org/10.1111/voxs.12158</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lim JO. Regulation policy on celland tissue-based therapy products in Korea. Tissue Eng Part A. 2015;21(23– 24):2791–6. https://doi.org/10.1089/ten.tea.2014.0429</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lim JO. Regulation policy on celland tissue-based therapy products in Korea. Tissue Eng Part A. 2015;21(23– 24):2791–6. https://doi.org/10.1089/ten.tea.2014.0429</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kim DS, Bae S. Impact and challenges of enactment for advanced regenerative medicine in South Korea. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2022;10:972865. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2022.972865</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kim DS, Bae S. Impact and challenges of enactment for advanced regenerative medicine in South Korea. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2022;10:972865. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2022.972865</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lee SK, Lee JH. Cell and gene therapy regulatory, pricing, and reimbursement framework: with a focus on South Korea and the EU. Front Public Health. 2023;11:1109873. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1109873</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lee SK, Lee JH. Cell and gene therapy regulatory, pricing, and reimbursement framework: with a focus on South Korea and the EU. Front Public Health. 2023;11:1109873. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1109873</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Блинова МИ, Юдинцева НМ, Александер-Синклер ЭИ, Кухарева ЛВ, Нащекина ЮА, Плескач НМ и др. Эквивалент дермальный ЭД. Разработка и практика применения. СПб: Издательско-полиграфическая ассоциация высших учебных заведений; 2022. EDN: CLZEHG</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Blinova MI, Yudintseva NM, Aleksander-Sinclair EI, Kukhareva LV, Nashchekina YuA, Pleskach NM, et al. Dermal equivalent (DE). Development and application practice. Saint Petersburg: Publishing and Printing Association of Higher Educational Institutions; 2022 (In Russ.). EDN: CLZEHG</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Нехаева ТЛ, Камалетдинова АА, Лутфуллин МФ, Табанская ТВ. Cовременные подходы к оценке качества, проведению доклинических и клинических исследований дендритно-клеточных вакцин в онкологии. БИОпрепараты. Профилактика, диагностика, лечение. 2023;23(2):148–61. https://doi.org/10.30895/2221-996X-2023-23-2-148-161</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nekhaeva TL, Kamaletdinova AA, Lutfullin MF, Tabanskaya TV. Current approaches to quality assessment, nonclinical and clinical studies of dendritic cell vaccines in oncology. Biological Products. Prevention, Diagnosis, Treatment. 2023;23(2):148–61 (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.30895/2221-996X-2023-23-2-148-161</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
