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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vedomostiregmed</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Регуляторные исследования и экспертиза лекарственных средств</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Regulatory Research and Medicine Evaluation</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">3034-3062</issn><issn pub-type="epub">3034-3453</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Federal State Budgetary Institution ‘Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products’ of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (FSBI ‘SCEEMP’)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.30895/1991-2919-2024-14-3-338-350</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vedomostiregmed-599</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>КЛИНИЧЕСКИЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CLINICAL STUDIES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Основные принципы расчета необходимой численности участников клинических исследований. Часть 1. Общие подходы (обзор)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Basic Principles for Calculating the Required Number of Participants in Clinical Trials. Part 1. Common Approaches (Review)</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7926-6033</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шредер</surname><given-names>О. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shreder</surname><given-names>O. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Шредер Ольга Васильевна, канд. биол. наук</p><p>Петровский б-р, д. 8, стр. 2, Москва, 127051</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Olga V. Shreder, Cand. Sci. (Biol.)</p><p>8/2 Petrovsky Blvd, Moscow 127051</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">shrederov@expmed.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8583-2372</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Горячев</surname><given-names>Д. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Goryachev</surname><given-names>D. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Горячев Дмитрий Владимирович, д-р мед. наук</p><p>Петровский б-р, д. 8, стр. 2, Москва, 127051</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dmitry V. Goryachev, Dr. Sci. (Med.)</p><p>8/2 Petrovsky Blvd, Moscow 127051</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4891-973X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Меркулов</surname><given-names>В. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Merkulov</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Меркулов Вадим Анатольевич, д-р мед. наук</p><p>Петровский б-р, д. 8, стр. 2, Москва, 127051</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vadim A. Merkulov, Dr. Sci. (Med.)</p><p>8/2 Petrovsky Blvd, Moscow 127051</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение «Научный центр экспертизы средств медицинского применения» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>19</day><month>06</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>14</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>338</fpage><lpage>350</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Шредер О.В., Горячев Д.В., Меркулов В.А., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Шредер О.В., Горячев Д.В., Меркулов В.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Shreder O.V., Goryachev D.V., Merkulov V.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.vedomostincesmp.ru/jour/article/view/599">https://www.vedomostincesmp.ru/jour/article/view/599</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>ВВЕДЕНИЕ</title><p>ВВЕДЕНИЕ. Корректное планирование клинического исследования (КИ) является гарантией получения валидных результатов оценки эффективности и безопасности медицинского применения лекарственных средств. В настоящее время отсутствуют четкие критерии выбора базовых элементов, лежащих в основе разработки клинического дизайна, и прежде всего исследовательских гипотез, способов определения ожидаемой величины терапевтического эффекта, уровня статистической значимости и мощности исследования, статистических моделей расчета размера выборки субъектов.</p></sec><sec><title>ЦЕЛЬ</title><p>ЦЕЛЬ. Систематизация и гармонизация технических требований к планированию дизайна клинического исследования в части определения размера выборки.</p></sec><sec><title>ОБСУЖДЕНИЕ</title><p>ОБСУЖДЕНИЕ. В работе представлены основные требования и методологические подходы к разработке дизайнов медицинских исследований, направленных на оценку эффективности и подтверждение безопасности лекарственных средств. Приведены базовые принципы расчета необходимого размера выборки для обеспечения необходимой мощности планируемого КИ, а также математические модели, описывающие нулевые и альтернативные гипотезы, используемые при разработке основных статистических дизайнов исследования эффективности и безопасности лекарственных препаратов. Показано, что общим требованием к качеству выборки субъектов исследования является обеспечение ее репрезентативности, то есть соответствие целевой популяции КИ. Выбор математической (вероятностной) модели, на основе которой формулируются исследовательские гипотезы и производится расчет выборки целевой популяции, базируется прежде всего на базовой информации о терапевтическом воздействии и специфических особенностях популяции, полученной из систематических обзоров результатов ранее проведенных исследований, а также в соответствии с классификацией исследуемого препарата. Для расчета размера выборки должны быть определены и обоснованы на этапе разработки дизайна и статистической модели КИ критерии в соответствии с общими требованиями к репрезентативности. Использование программных приложений для расчета мощности и требуемого размера выборки упрощает выполнение рутинных процедур планирования клинических исследований.</p></sec><sec><title>ВЫВОДЫ</title><p>ВЫВОДЫ. Основных и базовых статистических моделей определения размера выборки недостаточно для проведения качественного исследования. Большое разнообразие дизайнов КИ, методологических подходов к планированию, реализации схем лечения, сбора и анализа данных КИ требует разработки статистических планов каждого конкретного КИ, включая оценку отдельных случаев, метода анализа выживания, относительного риска, диагностические тесты, адаптивные и другие нечасто используемые планы исследования. Следствием этого является востребованность в разработке дополнительных руководств и других информационных ресурсов, содержащих комментарии и примеры применения вероятностной статистики, и последующей гармонизации созданных национальных стандартов с международными.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>INTRODUCTION</title><p>INTRODUCTION. A well-planned design of a clinical trial (CT) ensures valid results in assessing the efficacy and safety of medicines for human use. However, at present, there are no clear criteria for selecting the basic elements underlying the development of a CT design. This lack of selection criteria primarily concerns planning research hypotheses, calculating the expected therapeutic effect, statistical significance level, and study power, and selecting statistical models for sample size calculation.</p></sec><sec><title>AIM</title><p>AIM. The authors aimed to systematise and harmonise the technical requirements for sample size determination in designing CTs.</p></sec><sec><title>DISCUSSION</title><p>DISCUSSION. First, this article describes the basic requirements for and methodological approaches to designing CTs to assess the efficacy of medicines and to confirm their safety. Next, the article presents the basic principles for calculating the sample size to ensure the required CT power. Finally, the article covers the mathematical models describing the null and alternative hypotheses used in the development of basic statistical designs for efficacy and safety studies. A general requirement for the quality of a study sample is to ensure its representativeness, that is, its compliance with the target CT population. The selection of a mathematical (probabilistic) model to formulate research hypotheses and calculate study samples representative of the target population is based on general data from systematic reviews of previous studies on the therapeutic effects of the study product and the specific characteristics of the target population. In addition, model selection relies on the classification of the study product. Sample size calculation requires defining and justifying certain criteria at the stage of CT design and statistical model development, in line with the general requirements for representativeness. Software for calculating the statistical power and required sample size facilitates routine CT planning.</p></sec><sec><title>CONCLUSIONS</title><p>CONCLUSIONS. The sample size determination requires more than the application of basic statistical models. Given the multitude of CT designs and methodological approaches to CT planning, treatment regimens, and data collection and analysis, it is necessary to consider the statistical design of each CT on a case-by-case basis. This consideration should include assessments of individual cases, survival analysis methods, relative risks, diagnostic tests, and adaptive and other infrequent CT designs. The above highlights the need to develop additional guidelines and information resources that would explain and demonstrate the use of probabilistic statistics. The resulting national standards should be harmonised with international standards.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>клиническое исследование</kwd><kwd>выборка</kwd><kwd>популяция</kwd><kwd>размер выборки</kwd><kwd>дизайн исследования</kwd><kwd>гипотеза исследования</kwd><kwd>размер эффекта</kwd><kwd>статистическая модель</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>clinical trial</kwd><kwd>study sample</kwd><kwd>population</kwd><kwd>sample size</kwd><kwd>study design</kwd><kwd>study hypothesis</kwd><kwd>effect size</kwd><kwd>statistical model</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена в рамках государственного задания ФГБУ «НЦЭСМП» Минздрава России № 056-00026-24-00 на проведение прикладных научных исследований (номер государственного учета НИР № 124022300127-0).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study reported in this publication was carried out as part of publicly funded research project No. 056-00026-24-00 and was supported by the Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products (R&amp;D public accounting No. 124022300127-0).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Moher D, Dulberg CS, Wells GA. 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