<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vedomostiregmed</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Регуляторные исследования и экспертиза лекарственных средств</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Regulatory Research and Medicine Evaluation</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">3034-3062</issn><issn pub-type="epub">3034-3453</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Federal State Budgetary Institution ‘Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products’ of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (FSBI ‘SCEEMP’)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.30895/1991-2919-2023-13-4-560-566</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vedomostiregmed-557</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ДОКЛИНИЧЕСКИЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>PRECLINICAL STUDIES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Сравнительная оценка рекомендаций по доклиническим исследованиям межлекарственного взаимодействия на уровне транспортеров</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Comparative evaluation of recommendations for preclinical studies of transporter-mediated drug–drug interactions</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6150-5796</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Евтеев</surname><given-names>В. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Evteev</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Евтеев Владимир Александрович</p><p>Петровский б-р, д. 8, стр. 2, Москва, 127051, Российская Федерация</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vladimir A. Evteev</p><p>8/2 Petrovsky Blvd, Moscow 127051, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">evteev@expmed.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0936-5551</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бунятян</surname><given-names>Н. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bunyatyan</surname><given-names>N. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Бунятян Наталья Дмитриевна, д-р фарм. наук, профессор</p><p>Петровский б-р, д. 8, стр. 2, Москва, 127051, Российская Федерация</p><p>Трубецкая ул., д. 8, стр. 2, Москва, 119991, Российская Федерация</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Natalia D. Bunyatyan, Dr. Sci. (Pharm.), Professor</p><p>8/2 Petrovsky Blvd, Moscow 127051, Russian Federation</p><p>8/2 Trubetskaya St., Moscow 119991, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">bunyatyan@expmed.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1972-4386</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Демченкова</surname><given-names>Е. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Demchenkova</surname><given-names>E. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Демченкова Елена Юрьевна, канд. фарм. наук</p><p>Петровский б-р, д. 8, стр. 2, Москва, 127051, Российская Федерация</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Elena Yu. Demchenkova, Cand. Sci. (Pharm.)</p><p>8/2 Petrovsky Blvd, Moscow 127051, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">demchenkova@expmed.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7024-5546</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Прокофьев</surname><given-names>А. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Prokofiev</surname><given-names>A. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Прокофьев Алексей Борисович, д-р мед. наук, профессор</p><p>Петровский б-р, д. 8, стр. 2, Москва, 127051, Российская Федерация</p><p>Трубецкая ул., д. 8, стр. 2, Москва, 119991, Российская Федерация</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexey B. Prokofiev, Dr. Sci. (Med), Professor</p><p>8/2 Petrovsky Blvd, Moscow 127051, Russian Federation</p><p>8/2 Trubetskaya St., Moscow 119991, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">prokofiev@expmed.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение «Научный центр экспертизы средств медицинского применения» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение «Научный центр экспертизы средств медицинского применения» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации; Федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова» Министерства здравоохранения&#13;
Российской Федерации (Сеченовский Университет)</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение «Научный центр экспертизы средств медицинского применения» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации; Федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации (Сеченовский Университет)</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>21</day><month>11</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>13</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>560</fpage><lpage>566</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Евтеев В.А., Бунятян Н.Д., Демченкова Е.Ю., Прокофьев А.Б., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Евтеев В.А., Бунятян Н.Д., Демченкова Е.Ю., Прокофьев А.Б.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Evteev V.A., Bunyatyan N.D., Demchenkova E.Y., Prokofiev A.B.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.vedomostincesmp.ru/jour/article/view/557">https://www.vedomostincesmp.ru/jour/article/view/557</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Актуальность</title><p>Актуальность. Использование обоснованных рекомендаций по доклиническим исследованиям фармакокинетического взаимодействия лекарственных средств на уровне транспортеров позволит повысить вероятность определения потенциально нефро- и гепатотоксичных лекарственных препаратов на этапе разработки и регистрации. Однако избыточные требования к количеству проводимых исследований могут повлечь за собой существенное увеличение стоимости готового лекарственного средства.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель. Сравнительный анализ нормативной документации по исследованиям межлекарственного взаимодействия на уровне транспортеров.</p></sec><sec><title>Обсуждение</title><p>Обсуждение. Изменения регуляторных требований по межлекарственным взаимодействиям проанализированы в хронологическом порядке с момента появления первых руководств в 1997 г. Приведены примеры, подтверждающие, что множественность транспортеров, а также недостаток их специфических ингибиторов являются актуальными проблемами при оценке роли конкретного транспортера в распределении лекарственного средства и влияния этого транспортера на межлекарственные взаимодействия. Показано, что экстраполяция исследований по ингибированию транспортеров in vitro на результаты фармакокинетики in vivo может ввести в заблуждение.</p></sec><sec><title>Выводы</title><p>Выводы. Разработка единого подхода к исследованиям межлекарственных взаимодействий на уровне транспортеров позволит повысить вероятность выявления потенциально токсичных лекарственных средств на этапе скрининга новых молекул. При этом целесообразно ограничить количество исследований транспортеров in vitro и in vivo и рекомендовать их только для лекарственных средств с узким терапевтическим диапазоном.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Scientific relevance</title><p>Scientific relevance. Sound recommendations for preclinical studies of transporter- mediated pharmacokinetic interactions of medicinal products can help increase the likelihood of identifying potentially nephrotoxic and hepatotoxic medicinal products at the development and authorisation stages. However, overly strict requirements for the number of studies to be performed may lead to a significant increase in the cost of finished medicinal products.</p></sec><sec><title>Aim</title><p>Aim. The aim was to compare regulatory documents on studying transporter-mediated drug–drug interactions (DDIs).</p></sec><sec><title>Discussion</title><p>Discussion. This review examines changes in regulatory requirements for studying DDIs in chronological order from the first guidelines that appeared in 1997. As exemplified in this article, the multiplicity of transporters and the lack of specific inhibitors pose significant challenges in assessing the role of a particular transporter in drug distribution and drug–drug interactions. This comparative review shows that extrapolating from in vitro transporter inhibition studies to in vivo pharmacokinetics can be misleading.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Conclusions. A unified approach to studying transporter-mediated DDIs will increase the likelihood of identifying potentially toxic agents at the stage of new molecule screening. At the same time, it is advisable to limit the number of in vitro and in vivo transporter studies and recommend conducting these studies only for medicinal products with a narrow therapeutic index.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>доклинические исследования</kwd><kwd>межлекарственные взаимодействия</kwd><kwd>транспортеры лекарственных средств</kwd><kwd>фармакокинетические модели</kwd><kwd>регуляторные требования</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>preclinical studies</kwd><kwd>drug–drug interactions</kwd><kwd>transporters</kwd><kwd>pharmacokinetic models</kwd><kwd>regulatory requirements</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена в рамках государственного задания ФГБУ «НЦЭСМП» Минздрава России № 056- 00052-23-00 на проведение прикладных научных исследований (номер государственного учета НИР 121022400082-4)</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study reported in this publication was carried out as part of publicly funded research project No. 056- 00052-23-00 and was supported by the Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products (R&amp;D registration No. 121022400082-4).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Huang SM, Strong JM, Zhang L, Reynolds KS, Nallani S, Temple R, et al. New era in drug interaction evaluation: US Food and Drug Administration update on CYP enzymes, transporters, and the guidance process. J Clin Pharmacol. 2008;48(6):662–70. https://doi.org/10.1177/0091270007312153</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Huang SM, Strong JM, Zhang L, Reynolds KS, Nallani S, Temple R, et al. New era in drug interaction evaluation: US Food and Drug Administration update on CYP enzymes, transporters, and the guidance process. J Clin Pharmacol. 2008;48(6):662–70. https://doi.org/10.1177/0091270007312153</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">DiMasi JA, Feldman L, Seckler A, Wilson A. Trends in risks associated with new drug development: success rates for investigational drugs. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2010;87(3):272–7. https://doi.org/10.1038/clpt.2009.295</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">DiMasi JA, Feldman L, Seckler A, Wilson A. Trends in risks associated with new drug development: success rates for investigational drugs. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2010;87(3):272–7. https://doi.org/10.1038/clpt.2009.295</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Paul SM, Mytelka DS, Dunwiddie CT, Persinger CC, Munos BH, Lindborg SR, et al. How to improve R&amp;D productivity: the pharmaceutical industry’s grand challenge. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2010;9(3):203–14. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd3078</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Paul SM, Mytelka DS, Dunwiddie CT, Persinger CC, Munos BH, Lindborg SR, et al. How to improve R&amp;D productivity: the pharmaceutical industry’s grand challenge. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2010;9(3):203–14. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd3078</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zamek-Gliszczynski MJ, Sangha V, Shen H, Feng B, Wittmer MB, Varma MVS, et al. Transporters in drug development: International transporter consortium update on emerging transporters of clinical importance. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2022;112(3):485–500. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpt.2644</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zamek-Gliszczynski MJ, Sangha V, Shen H, Feng B, Wittmer MB, Varma MVS, et al. Transporters in drug development: International transporter consortium update on emerging transporters of clinical importance. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2022;112(3):485–500. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpt.2644</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Giacomini KM, Huang SM, Tweedie DJ, Benet LZ, Brouwer KL, Chu X, et al. Membrane transporters in drug development. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2010;9(3):215–36. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd3028</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Giacomini KM, Huang SM, Tweedie DJ, Benet LZ, Brouwer KL, Chu X, et al. Membrane transporters in drug development. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2010;9(3):215–36. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd3028</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Iusuf D, Sparidans RW, van Esch A, Hobbs M, Kenworthy KE, van de Steeg E, et al. Organic anion-transporting polypeptides 1a/1b control the hepatic uptake of pravastatin in mice. Mol Pharm. 2012;9(9):2497–504. https://doi.org/10.1021/mp300108c</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Iusuf D, Sparidans RW, van Esch A, Hobbs M, Kenworthy KE, van de Steeg E, et al. Organic anion-transporting polypeptides 1a/1b control the hepatic uptake of pravastatin in mice. Mol Pharm. 2012;9(9):2497–504. https://doi.org/10.1021/mp300108c</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vlaming ML, Pala Z, van Esch A, Wagenaar E, de Waart DR, van de Wetering K, et al. Functionally overlapping roles of Abcg2 (Bcrp1) and Abcc2 (Mrp2) in the elimination of methotrexate and its main toxic metabolite 7-hydroxymethotrexate in vivo. Clin Cancer Res. 2009;15(9):3084–93. https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-2940</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vlaming ML, Pala Z, van Esch A, Wagenaar E, de Waart DR, van de Wetering K, et al. Functionally overlapping roles of Abcg2 (Bcrp1) and Abcc2 (Mrp2) in the elimination of methotrexate and its main toxic metabolite 7-hydroxymethotrexate in vivo. Clin Cancer Res. 2009;15(9):3084–93. https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-2940</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Masuda S, Terada T, Yonezawa A, Tanihara Y, Kishimoto K, Katsura T, et al. Identification and functional characterization of a new human kidney-specific H+/organic cation antiporter, kidney-specific multidrug and toxin extrusion 2. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006;17(8):2127–35. https://doi.org/10.1681/asn.2006030205</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Masuda S, Terada T, Yonezawa A, Tanihara Y, Kishimoto K, Katsura T, et al. Identification and functional characterization of a new human kidney-specific H+/organic cation antiporter, kidney-specific multidrug and toxin extrusion 2. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006;17(8):2127–35. https://doi.org/10.1681/asn.2006030205</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ito S, Kusuhara H, Yokochi M, Toyoshima J, Inoue K, Yuasa H, et al. Competitive inhibition of the luminal efflux by multidrug and toxin extrusions, but not basolateral uptake by organic cation transporter 2, is the likely mechanism underlying the pharmacokinetic drug–drug interactions caused by cimetidine in the kidney. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2012;340(2):393–403. https://doi.org/10.1124/jpet.111.184986</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ito S, Kusuhara H, Yokochi M, Toyoshima J, Inoue K, Yuasa H, et al. Competitive inhibition of the luminal efflux by multidrug and toxin extrusions, but not basolateral uptake by organic cation transporter 2, is the likely mechanism underlying the pharmacokinetic drug–drug interactions caused by cimetidine in the kidney. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2012;340(2):393–403. https://doi.org/10.1124/jpet.111.184986</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tsuda M, Terada T, Ueba M, Sato T, Masuda S, Katsura T, et al. Involvement of human multidrug and toxin extrusion 1 in the drug interaction between cimetidine and metformin in renal epithelial cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2009;329(1):185–91. https://doi.org/10.1124/jpet.108.147918</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tsuda M, Terada T, Ueba M, Sato T, Masuda S, Katsura T, et al. Involvement of human multidrug and toxin extrusion 1 in the drug interaction between cimetidine and metformin in renal epithelial cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2009;329(1):185–91. https://doi.org/10.1124/jpet.108.147918</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Frymoyer A, Shugarts S, Browne M, Wu AHB, Frassetto L, Benet LZ. Effect of single-dose rifampin on the pharmacokinetics of warfarin in healthy volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2010;88(4):540–7. https://doi.org/10.1038/clpt.2010.142</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Frymoyer A, Shugarts S, Browne M, Wu AHB, Frassetto L, Benet LZ. Effect of single-dose rifampin on the pharmacokinetics of warfarin in healthy volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2010;88(4):540–7. https://doi.org/10.1038/clpt.2010.142</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bihorel S, Camenisch G, Lemaire M, Scherrmann JM. Modulation of the brain distribution of imatinib and its metabolites in mice by valspodar, zosuquidar and elacridar. Pharm Res. 2007;24(9):1720–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11095-007-9278-4</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bihorel S, Camenisch G, Lemaire M, Scherrmann JM. Modulation of the brain distribution of imatinib and its metabolites in mice by valspodar, zosuquidar and elacridar. Pharm Res. 2007;24(9):1720–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11095-007-9278-4</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Oostendorp RL, Buckle T, Beijnen JH, van Tellingen O, Schellens JHM. The effect of Pgp (Mdr1a/1b), BCRP (Bcrp1) and Pgp/BCRP inhibitors on the in vivo absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of imatinib. Invest New Drugs. 2009;27(1):31–40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10637-008-9138-z</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Oostendorp RL, Buckle T, Beijnen JH, van Tellingen O, Schellens JHM. The effect of Pgp (Mdr1a/1b), BCRP (Bcrp1) and Pgp/BCRP inhibitors on the in vivo absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of imatinib. Invest New Drugs. 2009;27(1):31–40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10637-008-9138-z</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen C, Stock JL, Liu X, Shi J, Van Deusen JW, Di- Mattia DA, et al. Utility of a novel Oatp1b2 knockout mouse model for evaluating the role of Oatp1b2 in the hepatic uptake of model compounds. Drug Metab Dispos. 2008;36(9):1840–5. https://doi.org/10.1124/dmd.108.020594</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen C, Stock JL, Liu X, Shi J, Van Deusen JW, Di- Mattia DA, et al. Utility of a novel Oatp1b2 knockout mouse model for evaluating the role of Oatp1b2 in the hepatic uptake of model compounds. Drug Metab Dispos. 2008;36(9):1840–5. https://doi.org/10.1124/dmd.108.020594</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chu XY, Strauss JR, Mariano MA, Li J, Newton DJ, Cai X, et al. Characterization of mice lacking the multidrug resistance protein MRP2 (ABCC2). J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2006;317(2):579–89. https://doi.org/10.1124/jpet.105.098665</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chu XY, Strauss JR, Mariano MA, Li J, Newton DJ, Cai X, et al. Characterization of mice lacking the multidrug resistance protein MRP2 (ABCC2). J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2006;317(2):579–89. https://doi.org/10.1124/jpet.105.098665</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
