<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vedomostiregmed</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Регуляторные исследования и экспертиза лекарственных средств</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Regulatory Research and Medicine Evaluation</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">3034-3062</issn><issn pub-type="epub">3034-3453</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Federal State Budgetary Institution ‘Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products’ of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (FSBI ‘SCEEMP’)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.30895/1991-2919-2022-419</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vedomostiregmed-419</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ПРЕПАРАТЫ МАГНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>MAGNESIUM PREPARATIONS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Фармакокинетические исследования (исследования биодоступности) препаратов магния</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Pharmacokinetic (Bioavailability) Studies of Magnesium Preparations</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2385-7114</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Еременко</surname><given-names>Н. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Eremenko</surname><given-names>N. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Еременко Наталья Николаевна, канд. мед. наук, доцент</p><p>Петровский б-р, д. 8, стр. 2, Москва, 127051</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Natalia N. Eremenko, Cand. Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor</p><p>8/2 Petrovsky Blvd, Moscow 127051</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Eremenkonn2014@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6589-7654</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ших</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shikh</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ших Евгения Валерьевна, д-р мед. наук, профессор</p><p>Трубецкая ул., д. 8, cтр. 2, Москва, 119991</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Evgenia V. Shikh, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor</p><p>8/2 Trubetskaya St, Moscow 119991</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">chih@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6718-695X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Уварова</surname><given-names>Н. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Uvarova</surname><given-names>N. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Уварова Наталия Евгеньевна</p><p>Петровский б-р, д. 8, стр. 2, Москва, 127051</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Natalia E. Uvarova</p><p>8/2 Petrovsky Blvd, Moscow 127051</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Uvarova@expmed.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение «Научный центр экспертизы средств медицинского применения» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации (Сеченовский университет)</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>20</day><month>09</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>13</volume><issue>2-1</issue><fpage>302</fpage><lpage>315</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Еременко Н.Н., Ших Е.В., Уварова Н.Е., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Еременко Н.Н., Ших Е.В., Уварова Н.Е.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eremenko N.N., Shikh E.V., Uvarova N.E.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.vedomostincesmp.ru/jour/article/view/419">https://www.vedomostincesmp.ru/jour/article/view/419</self-uri><abstract><p>При исследованиях биодоступности препаратов, содержащих соли магния, для получения корректных результатов необходимо учитывать эндогенный уровень этого макроэлемента в организме.</p><p>Цель работы — провести систематический обзор результатов клинических исследований по изучению биодоступности лекарственных препаратов, содержащих магний, оценить используемые методы определения эндогенного уровня магния и необходимость корректировки фармакокинетических параметров с учетом выявленных эндогенных значений магния.</p><p>В обзор включены данные клинических исследований по изучению биодоступности магния, выполненные с участием здоровых добровольцев и опубликованные за последние 5 лет. Источниками данных для обзора послужили поисковая система Google, базы данных PubMed, UpToDate®, ClinicalTrials.gov, официальные сайты регуляторных органов (EFSA, EMA и FDA). Анализ литературы показал, что в качестве первичной конечной точки чаще всего выбирают анализ экскреции магния с мочой, а в качестве вторичной точки — определение магния в плазме или сыворотке крови. В большинстве исследований эндогенный уровень магния учитывали во всех точках забора крови, и данный факт позволил избежать ошибок и неправильной трактовки результатов. Корректировку фармакокинетических параметров с учетом эндогенных значений магния проводили по-разному. В одних исследованиях эндогенные значения магния рассматривались как независимые переменные и с ними сравнивали значения, полученные после применения препаратов; в других исследованиях эндогенные значения магния рассматривались как ковариата, влияющая на полученные значения и требующая обязательного учета; в двух исследованиях была проведена классическая корректировка фармакокинетических параметров — вычитание эндогенных значений из значений, полученных после применения препаратов. Оценка эндогенного уровня магния в рамках изучения его биодоступности необходима для корректировки фармакокинетических показателей, получения достоверных результатов исследования и должна быть запланирована заранее при подготовке протокола клинического исследования.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>In order to obtain valid results when studying the bioavailability of medicinal products containing magnesium salts, it is necessary to take into account endogenous levels of the macroelement in the body. The aim of the study was to conduct a systematic review of the results of clinical studies on the bioavailability of medicinal products containing magnesium, to evaluate the methods used for determining the endogenous level of magnesium, and to establish the necessity for adjusting pharmacokinetic parameters according to the identified endogenous magnesium levels. The review includes data from clinical studies of magnesium bioavailability performed with healthy volunteers and published over the past 5 years. According to the literature review results, the most commonly chosen primary endpoint is urinary magnesium excretion analysis, and the most secondary endpoint is plasma or serum magnesium determination. Data sources for the review included Google’s search engine; PubMed, UpTodate®, ClinicalTrials.gov databases; and official websites of regulatory authorities (EFSA, EMA, and FDA). In most studies, endogenous magnesium levels were taken into account at all blood sampling points, and this provided an opportunity to avoid errors and misinterpretations of the results. Adjustments of pharmacokinetic parameters with regard to endogenous magnesium values were performed differently. Some studies treated endogenous magnesium values as independent variables and compared the values obtained after drug administration with them; other studies treated endogenous magnesium values as a covariate influencing the values obtained and requiring mandatory consideration; two studies involved a classical adjustment of pharmacokinetic parameters, the subtraction of endogenous values from the values obtained after drug administration. The evaluation of endogenous magnesium levels as part of bioavailability studies is necessary to adjust pharmacokinetic parameters and to obtain valid study results. It should be planned beforehand at the time of preparation of the study protocol.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>эндогенный уровень магния</kwd><kwd>клинические исследования</kwd><kwd>сыворотка крови</kwd><kwd>плазма</kwd><kwd>биодоступность</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>endogenous level of magnesium</kwd><kwd>clinical studies</kwd><kwd>serum</kwd><kwd>plasma</kwd><kwd>bioavailability</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена в рамках государственного задания ФГБУ «НЦЭСМП» Минздрава России № 056-00001-22-00 на проведение прикладных научных исследований (номер государственного учета НИР 121021800098-4).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study reported in this publication was carried out as part of publicly funded research project No. 056-00001-22-00 and was supported by the Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products (R&amp;D public accounting No. 121021800098-4).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Crisponi G, Nurchi VM, Cappai R, Zoroddu MA, Gerosa C, Piras M, et al. The potential clinical properties of magnesium. Curr Med Chem. 2021;28(35):7295–311. https://doi.org/10.2174/0929867327999201116195343</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Crisponi G, Nurchi VM, Cappai R, Zoroddu MA, Gerosa C, Piras M, et al. The potential clinical properties of magnesium. Curr Med Chem. 2021;28(35):7295–311. https://doi.org/10.2174/0929867327999201116195343</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Workinger JL, Doyle RP, Bortz J. Challenges in the diagnosis of magnesium status. Nutrients. 2018;10(9):1202. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10091202</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Workinger JL, Doyle RP, Bortz J. Challenges in the diagnosis of magnesium status. Nutrients. 2018;10(9):1202. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10091202</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Grew N. A treatise of the nature and use of the bitter purging salt contain’d in Epsom and such other waters. Reproduction of the original in the Cambridge University Library Edition, London, UK: Early English Books Online (EEBO) Editions ProQuest, 1697.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grew N. A treatise of the nature and use of the bitter purging salt contain’d in Epsom and such other waters. Reproduction of the original in the Cambridge University Library Edition, London, UK: Early English Books Online (EEBO) Editions ProQuest, 1697.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Page MJ, Moher D, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. PRISMA 2020 explanation and elaboration: updated guidance and exemplars for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372:n160. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n160</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Page MJ, Moher D, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. PRISMA 2020 explanation and elaboration: updated guidance and exemplars for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372:n160. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n160</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Amir-Behghadami M, Janati A. Population, intervention, comparison, outcomes and study (PICOS) design as a framework to formulate eligibility criteria in systematic reviews. Emerg Med J. 2020;37(6):387. https://doi.org/10.1136/emermed-2020-209567</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Amir-Behghadami M, Janati A. Population, intervention, comparison, outcomes and study (PICOS) design as a framework to formulate eligibility criteria in systematic reviews. Emerg Med J. 2020;37(6):387. https://doi.org/10.1136/emermed-2020-209567</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pardo MR, Vilar EG, Martín ISM, Martín MAC. Bioavailability of magnesium food supplements: a systematic review. Nutrition. 2021;89:111294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2021.111294</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pardo MR, Vilar EG, Martín ISM, Martín MAC. Bioavailability of magnesium food supplements: a systematic review. Nutrition. 2021;89:111294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2021.111294</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schuchardt JP, Hahn A. Intestinal absorption and factors influencing bioavailability of magnesium — an update. Curr Nutr Food Sci. 2017;13(4):260–78. https://doi.org/10.2174/1573401313666170427162740</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schuchardt JP, Hahn A. Intestinal absorption and factors influencing bioavailability of magnesium — an update. Curr Nutr Food Sci. 2017;13(4):260–78. https://doi.org/10.2174/1573401313666170427162740</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Benech H, Pruvost A, Batel A, Bourguignon M, Thomas JL, Grognet JM. Use of the stable isotopes technique to evaluate the bioavailability of a pharmaceutical form of magnesium in man. Pharm Res. 1998;15(2):347–51. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1011947525377</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Benech H, Pruvost A, Batel A, Bourguignon M, Thomas JL, Grognet JM. Use of the stable isotopes technique to evaluate the bioavailability of a pharmaceutical form of magnesium in man. Pharm Res. 1998;15(2):347–51. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1011947525377</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dolberg MK, Nielsen LP, Dahl R. Pharmacokinetic profile of oral magnesium hydroxide. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2017;120(3):264–69. https://doi.org/10.1111/bcpt.12642</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dolberg MK, Nielsen LP, Dahl R. Pharmacokinetic profile of oral magnesium hydroxide. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2017;120(3):264–69. https://doi.org/10.1111/bcpt.12642</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gibson RS. The role of diet- and host-related factors in nutrient bioavailability and thus in nutrient-based dietary requirement estimates. Food Nutr Bull. 2007;28(1):S77–100. https://doi.org/10.1177/15648265070281S108</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gibson RS. The role of diet- and host-related factors in nutrient bioavailability and thus in nutrient-based dietary requirement estimates. Food Nutr Bull. 2007;28(1):S77–100. https://doi.org/10.1177/15648265070281S108</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schneider I, Greupner T, Hahn A. Magnesium bioavailability from mineral waters with different mineralization levels in comparison to bread and a supplement. Food Nutr Res. 2017;61(1):1384686. https://doi.org/10.1080/16546628.2017.1384686</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schneider I, Greupner T, Hahn A. Magnesium bioavailability from mineral waters with different mineralization levels in comparison to bread and a supplement. Food Nutr Res. 2017;61(1):1384686. https://doi.org/10.1080/16546628.2017.1384686</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brilli E, Khadge S, Fabiano A, Zambito Y, Williams T, Tarantino G. Magnesium bioavailability after administration of Sucrosomial® magnesium: results of an ex-vivo study and a comparative, double-blinded, cross-over study in healthy subjects. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2018;22(6):1843–51. https://doi.org/10.26355/eurrev_201803_14605</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brilli E, Khadge S, Fabiano A, Zambito Y, Williams T, Tarantino G. Magnesium bioavailability after administration of Sucrosomial® magnesium: results of an ex-vivo study and a comparative, double-blinded, cross-over study in healthy subjects. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2018;22(6):1843–51. https://doi.org/10.26355/eurrev_201803_14605</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Werner T, Kolisek M, Vormann J, Pilchova I, Grendar M, Struharnanska E, Cibulka M. Assessment of bioavailability of Mg from Mg citrate and Mg oxide by measuring urinary excretion in Mg-saturated subjects. Magnes Res. 2019;32(3):63–71. PMID: 32162607</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Werner T, Kolisek M, Vormann J, Pilchova I, Grendar M, Struharnanska E, Cibulka M. Assessment of bioavailability of Mg from Mg citrate and Mg oxide by measuring urinary excretion in Mg-saturated subjects. Magnes Res. 2019;32(3):63–71. PMID: 32162607</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Greupner T, Schneider I, Gellert S, Hahn A. Magnesium bioavailability and tolerability do not differ between two supplements with different release properties. J Diet Suppl. 2020;17(4):454–66. https://doi.org/10.1080/19390211.2019.1629146</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Greupner T, Schneider I, Gellert S, Hahn A. Magnesium bioavailability and tolerability do not differ between two supplements with different release properties. J Diet Suppl. 2020;17(4):454–66. https://doi.org/10.1080/19390211.2019.1629146</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhan J, Wallace TC, Butts SJ, Cao S, Ansu V, Spence LA, et al. Circulating ionized magnesium as a measure of supplement bioavailability: results from a pilot study for randomized clinical. Nutrients. 2020;12(5):1245. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12051245</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhan J, Wallace TC, Butts SJ, Cao S, Ansu V, Spence LA, et al. Circulating ionized magnesium as a measure of supplement bioavailability: results from a pilot study for randomized clinical. Nutrients. 2020;12(5):1245. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12051245</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rooney MR, Rudser KD, Alonso A, Harnack L, Saenger AK, Lutsey PL. Circulating ionized magnesium: comparisons with circulating total magnesium and the response to magnesium supplementation in a randomized controlled trial. Nutrients. 2020;12(1):263. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12010263</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rooney MR, Rudser KD, Alonso A, Harnack L, Saenger AK, Lutsey PL. Circulating ionized magnesium: comparisons with circulating total magnesium and the response to magnesium supplementation in a randomized controlled trial. Nutrients. 2020;12(1):263. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12010263</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Glasdam SM, Glasdam S, Peter GH. The importance of magnesium in the human body: a systematic literature review. Adv Clin Chem. 2016;73:169–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.acc.2015.10.002</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Glasdam SM, Glasdam S, Peter GH. The importance of magnesium in the human body: a systematic literature review. Adv Clin Chem. 2016;73:169–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.acc.2015.10.002</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Grober U, Schmidt J, Kisters K. Magnesium in prevention and therapy. Nutrients. 2015;7(9):8199–226. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7095388</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grober U, Schmidt J, Kisters K. Magnesium in prevention and therapy. Nutrients. 2015;7(9):8199–226. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7095388</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Altura BM, Altura BT. Role of magnesium in patho-physiological processes and the clinical utility of magnesium ion selective electrodes. Scand J Clin Lab Invest Suppl. 1996;224:211–34. https://doi.org/10.3109/00365519609088642</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Altura BM, Altura BT. Role of magnesium in patho-physiological processes and the clinical utility of magnesium ion selective electrodes. Scand J Clin Lab Invest Suppl. 1996;224:211–34. https://doi.org/10.3109/00365519609088642</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Senn S. Change from baseline and analysis of covariance revisited. Stat Med. 2006;25(24):4334–44. https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.2682</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Senn S. Change from baseline and analysis of covariance revisited. Stat Med. 2006;25(24):4334–44. https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.2682</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Palacios C, Wigertz K, Braun M, Martin BR, McCabe GP, McCabe L, et al. Magnesium retention from metabolicbalance studies in female adolescents: impact of race, dietary salt, and calcium. Am J Clin Nutr. 2013;97(5):1014–9. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.112.039867</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Palacios C, Wigertz K, Braun M, Martin BR, McCabe GP, McCabe L, et al. Magnesium retention from metabolicbalance studies in female adolescents: impact of race, dietary salt, and calcium. Am J Clin Nutr. 2013;97(5):1014–9. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.112.039867</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
