<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vedomostiregmed</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Регуляторные исследования и экспертиза лекарственных средств</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Regulatory Research and Medicine Evaluation</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">3034-3062</issn><issn pub-type="epub">3034-3453</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Federal State Budgetary Institution ‘Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products’ of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (FSBI ‘SCEEMP’)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.30895/1991-2919-2022-12-1-65-78</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vedomostiregmed-393</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Главная тема: Спектральные методы анализа в экспертизе лекарственных средств</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>MAIN TOPIC: SPECTROSCOPIC METHODS USED IN MEDICINE EVALUATION</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Особенности разработки и валидации методик определения элементных токсикантов в лекарственном растительном сырье и лекарственных растительных препаратах</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Development and Validation of Procedures for Determination of Elemental Toxicants in Herbal Substances and Herbal Medicinal Products</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9440-0950</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Щукин</surname><given-names>В. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shchukin</surname><given-names>V. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Щукин Виктор Михайлович</p><p>Петровский б-р, д. 8, стр. 2, Москва, 127051</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Victor M. Shchukin</p><p>8/2 Petrovsky Blvd, Moscow 127051</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">schukin@expmed.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9133-0835</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кузьмина</surname><given-names>Н. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kuz’mina</surname><given-names>N. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кузьмина Наталия Евгеньевна, доктор химических наук</p><p>Петровский б-р, д. 8, стр. 2, Москва, 127051</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Natalia E. Kuz’mina, Dr. Sci. (Chem.)</p><p>8/2 Petrovsky Blvd, Moscow 127051</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">KuzminaN@expmed.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2125-6174</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Швецова</surname><given-names>Ю. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shvetsova</surname><given-names>Yu. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Швецова Юлия Николаевна</p><p>Петровский б-р, д. 8, стр. 2, Москва, 127051</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yulia N. Shvetsova</p><p>8/2 Petrovsky Blvd, Moscow 127051</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">shvetsovajn@expmed.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8752-5245</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лутцева</surname><given-names>А. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Luttseva</surname><given-names>A. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Лутцева Анна Ивановна, кандидат фармацевтических наук</p><p>Петровский б-р, д. 8, стр. 2, Москва, 127051</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anna I. Luttseva, Cand. Sci. (Pharm.)</p><p>8/2 Petrovsky Blvd, Moscow 127051</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Lutceva@expmed.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение «Научный центр экспертизы средств медицинского применения» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>11</day><month>02</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>12</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>65</fpage><lpage>78</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Щукин В.М., Кузьмина Н.Е., Швецова Ю.Н., Лутцева А.И., 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Щукин В.М., Кузьмина Н.Е., Швецова Ю.Н., Лутцева А.И.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Shchukin V.M., Kuz’mina N.E., Shvetsova Y.N., Luttseva A.I.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.vedomostincesmp.ru/jour/article/view/393">https://www.vedomostincesmp.ru/jour/article/view/393</self-uri><abstract><p>Изменение подхода к контролю качества лекарственного растительного сырья (ЛРС) и лекарственных растительных препаратов (ЛРП) по содержанию тяжелых металлов с суммарного определения калориметрическим методом на селективный анализ спектральными методами привело к тому, что многие производители этого вида лекарственных средств не смогли учесть новые требования при составлении регистрационных досье. Представляемые на экспертизу методики нуждаются в уточнении, валидационные протоколы не содержат всех необходимых данных.</p><sec><title>Цель работы</title><p>Цель работы: предложить производителям ЛРС и ЛРП рекомендации по выбору методов анализа, материалов и реактивов, способов минерализации органической матрицы, основных валидационных параметров методики, а также по проведению валидации при определении элементных токсикантов и по оформлению раздела «Тяжелые металлы и мышьяк» в нормативной документации на лекарственные средства.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы: исследование основано на анализе и обобщении данных научной литературы, требований российских и зарубежных фармакопей, методических рекомендаций и стандартов по инструментальным методам анализа, а также на собственном опыте проведения элементного анализа различных видов ЛРС и ЛРП.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты: представлены рекомендации по выбору условий минерализации пробы для количественного определения элементных примесей в биологических объектах, обоснованы требования к реактивам, используемым материалам и оборудованию. Проведен сравнительный анализ используемых методов элементного анализа. Показано, что основные ошибки производителей связаны с игнорированием влияния органической матрицы на результат измерения и отсутствием согласованности между определяемой концентрацией элементной примеси и используемым диапазоном калибровочной кривой. Приведены критерии приемлемости для валидационных параметров методик определения тяжелых металлов и мышьяка в ЛРС и ЛРП.</p></sec><sec><title>Выводы</title><p>Выводы: использование стандартных образцов, в которых тяжелые металлы находятся в виде неорганических солей и не связаны с органическими соединениями, для анализа ЛРС и ЛРП следует признать некорректным. Для ряда валидационных параметров при отсутствии в отечественной фармакопее критериев их приемлемости рекомендуется использовать критерии, указанные в Европейской фармакопее и Фармакопее США.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>When the approach to quality control of herbal substances (HSs) and herbal medicinal products (HMPs) changed from determination of the total content of heavy metals by calorimetry to selective determination by spectrometric techniques, many manufacturers of such products failed to meet the new requirements in their registration dossiers. Test procedures submitted by manufacturers often need to be clarified, and validation protocols often lack data.</p><p>The aim of the study was to provide recommendations to HS and HMP manufacturers on the choice of test methods, materials, reagents, methods of organic matrix mineralisation, and main validation parameters, as well as recommendations on validation of the procedure for elemental toxicants determination, and preparation of the “Heavy metals and arsenic” part of the regulatory submission.</p><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods: the study included analysis and systematisation of scientific literature, requirements of the Russian and foreign pharmacopoeias, guidelines, manuals on instrumental methods of analysis, and first-hand experience in elemental analysis of various types of HSs and HMPs.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results: the authors formulated recommendations on the choice of sample mineralisation conditions for quantification of elemental impurities in biological products, and substantiated requirements for the reagents, materials, and equipment. The paper compares different methods of elemental analysis. It was demonstrated that the main mistakes made by manufacturers stem from disregard to the organic matrix effect on the measurement results and lack of agreement between the impurity concentration being determined and the range of the calibration curve used. The paper gives acceptance criteria for validation parameters of test procedures for heavy metals and arsenic determination in HSs and HMPs.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Conclusions: it is not correct to use reference standards containing heavy metals as inorganic salts not bound to organic compounds, for HS and HMP analysis. The criteria given in the European Pharmacopoeia and the United State Pharmacopoeia can be used for a number of validation parameters, when they are not included in the Russian Pharmacopoeia.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>тяжелые металлы</kwd><kwd>минерализация</kwd><kwd>валидация</kwd><kwd>специфичность</kwd><kwd>открываемость</kwd><kwd>линейность</kwd><kwd>правильность</kwd><kwd>прецизионность</kwd><kwd>критерии приемлемости</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>heavy metals</kwd><kwd>mineralisation</kwd><kwd>validation</kwd><kwd>specificity</kwd><kwd>recovery</kwd><kwd>linearity</kwd><kwd>accuracy</kwd><kwd>precision</kwd><kwd>acceptance criteria</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена в рамках государственного задания ФГБУ «НЦЭСМП» Минздрава России № 056-00001-22-00 на проведение прикладных научных исследований (номер государственного учета НИР 121022400083-1)</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study reported in this publication was carried out as part of publicly funded research project No. 056-00001-22-00 and was supported by the Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products (R&amp;D public accounting No. 121022400083-1)</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Русакова ОА, Ральченко ИВ, Герберт ИЯ, Вердиева СИ. Изучение аптечного ассортимента фитопрепаратов. Фармация и фармакология. 2015;3(6):54–9. https://doi.org/10.19163/2307-9266-2015-3-6(13)-54-59</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rusakova OA, Ralchenko IV, Gerbert IYa, Verdieva SI. The study for the pharmacy range of herbal medicinal products. Farmatsiya i farmakologiya = Pharmacy and Pharmacology 2015;3(6):54–9 (In Russ.)] https://doi.org/10.19163/2307-9266-2015-3-6(13)-54-59</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Филиппова И. Рынок растительных средств: проблемы, перспективы, приоритеты. Ремедиум. 2016;(7–8):15–6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Filippova I. The market of herbal remedies: problems, prospects, priorities. Remedium = Remedium. 2016;(7–8):15–6 (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бойко НН, Бондарев АВ, Жилякова ЕТ, Писарев ДИ, Новиков ОО. Фитопрепараты, анализ фармацевтического рынка Российской Федерации. Научный результат. 2017;3(4):30–8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Boyko NN, Bondarev AV, Zhilyakova ET, Pisarev DI, Novikov OO. Phytodrugs, analysis of Russian Federation pharmaceutical market. Naychny rezultat =Research Result. 2017;3(4):30–8 (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Евсеева СБ, Сысуев ББ. Экстракты растительного сырья как компоненты косметических и наружных лекарственных средств: ассортимент продукции, особенности получения (обзор). Фармация и фармакология. 2016,4(3):4–37. https://doi.org/10.19163/2307-9266-2016-4-3-4-37</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Evseeva SB, Sysuev BB. Plant raw material extracts as components of cosmetic products and formulations for topical administration: the product range, the production characteristics (review). Farmatsiya i farmakologiya = Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 2016,4(3):4–37 (In Russ.)] https://doi.org/10.19163/2307-9266-2016-4-3-4-37</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кузьмина НЕ, Щукин ВМ, Северинова ЕЮ, Яшкир ВА, Меркулов ВА. Изменение подходов к нормированию содержания тяжелых металлов в лекарственном растительном сырье и лекарственных растительных препаратах (обзор). Химико-фармацевтический журнал. 2015;49(7):52–6. https://doi.org/10.30906/0023-1134-2015-49-7-52-56</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kuz’mina NE, Shchukin VM, Severinova EYu, Yashkir VA, Merkulov VA. Changes in the approaches to the normalization of heavy metal contents in medicinal herbs and herbal medicines (Review). Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal. 2015;49(7):490–4] https://doi.org/10.1007/s11094-015-1312-y</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Щукин ВМ, Жигилей ЕС, Ерина АА, Швецова ЮН, Кузьмина НЕ, Лутцева АИ. Валидация методики определения ртути, свинца, кадмия и мышьяка в лекарственном растительном сырье и лекарственных средствах на его основе методом масс-спектрометрии с индуктивно-связанной плазмой. Химико-фармацевтический журнал. 2020;54(9):57–64. https://doi.org/0.30906/0023-1134-2020-54-9-57-64</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shchukin VM, Zhigilei ES, Erina AA, Shvetsova YuN, Kuz’mina NE, Luttseva AI. Validation of an ICP-MS method for the determination of mercury, lead, cadmium and arsenic in medicinal plants and related drug preparations. Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal. 2020;54(9):968–76] https://doi.org/10.1007/s11094-020-02306-8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Щукин ВМ, Северинова ЕЮ, Кузьмина НЕ, Яшкир ВА, Меркулов ВА. Усовершенствование методики пробоподготовки при количественном определении тяжелых металлов в цветках ромашки аптечной (Matricаria chamomilla) методом ИСП-АЭС. Успехи современного естествознания. 2016;(6):53–8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shchukin VM, Severinova EYu, Kuz’mina NE, Yashkir VA, Merkulov VA. The improving method of sample preparation for the quantitative determination of heavy metals in the flowers of chamomile (Matricаria chamomilla) by ICP-AES. Uspekhi sovremennogo estestvoznaniya = Advances in Current Natural Sciences. 2016;(6):53–8 (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ellison SLR, Hardcastle WA. Causes of error in analytical chemistry: results of a webbased survey of proficiency testing participants. Accred Qual Assur. 2012;17(4):453–64. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00769-012-0894-2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ellison SLR, Hardcastle WA. Causes of error in analytical chemistry: results of a webbased survey of proficiency testing participants. Accred Qual Assur. 2012;17(4):453–64. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00769-012-0894-2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gonzálvez A. Armenta S, Pastor A, de la Guardia M. Searching the most appropriate sample pretreatment for the elemental analysis of wines by inductively coupled plasma-based techniques. J Agric Food Chem. 2008;56(13):4943–54. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf800286y</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gonzálvez A. Armenta S, Pastor A, de la Guardia M. Searching the most appropriate sample pretreatment for the elemental analysis of wines by inductively coupled plasma-based techniques. J Agric Food Chem. 2008;56(13):4943–54. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf800286y</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Altundag H, Tuzen M. Comparison of dry, wet and microwave digestion methods for the multi element determination in some dried fruit samples by ICP-OES. Food Chem Toxicol. 2011;49(11):2800–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2011.07.064</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Altundag H, Tuzen M. Comparison of dry, wet and microwave digestion methods for the multi element determination in some dried fruit samples by ICP-OES. Food Chem Toxicol. 2011;49(11):2800–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2011.07.064</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лейкин АЮ, Якимович ПВ. Системы подавления спектральных интерференций в масс-спектрометрии с индуктивно связанной плазмой. Журнал аналитической химии. 2012;67(8):752–62. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1061934812080047</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Leykin AYu, Yakimovich PV. Systems for the suppression of spectral interferences for inductively coupled plasma mass-spectrometry. J Anal Chem. 2012;67(8):677–86] https://doi.org/10.1134/S1061934812080047</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Balaram V. Recent advances in the determination of elemental impurities in pharmaceuticals — Status, challenges and moving frontiers. Trends Anal Chem. 2016;80(2):83–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2016.02.001</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Balaram V. Recent advances in the determination of elemental impurities in pharmaceuticals — Status, challenges and moving frontiers. Trends Anal Chem. 2016;80(2):83–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2016.02.001</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Коркина Д, Кларк-Карская Ю, Иванова А, Захарова А, Кузин А, Гринштейн И. Чистое рабочее место — комплексное решение проблемы загрязнений проб при проведении следового элементного анализа. Аналитика. 2016;(2):58–68.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Korkina D, Clark-Karskaya Yu, Ivanova A, Zakharova A, Kuzin A, Grinshtein I. A clean workplace — a comprehensive solution to the problem of sample contamination during trace element analysis. Analitika = Analytics. 2016;(2):58–68 (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sun C, Liu H, Zhang B, Wei D, Huang L, Wu C. Profile differences of trace elements in vegetables and fruits resulting from various digestion procedures. In: 2011 International Conference on New Technology of Agricultural. IEEE; 2011. P. 905–9. https://doi.org/10.1109/icae.2011.5943935</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sun C, Liu H, Zhang B, Wei D, Huang L, Wu C. Profile differences of trace elements in vegetables and fruits resulting from various digestion procedures. In: 2011 International Conference on New Technology of Agricultural. IEEE; 2011. P. 905–9. https://doi.org/10.1109/icae.2011.5943935</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Demirel S, Tuzen M, Saracoglu S, Soylak M. Evaluation of various digestion procedures for trace element contents of some food materials. J Hazard Mater. 2008;152(3):1020–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.07.077</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Demirel S, Tuzen M, Saracoglu S, Soylak M. Evaluation of various digestion procedures for trace element contents of some food materials. J Hazard Mater. 2008;152(3):1020–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.07.077</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Щукин ВМ, Ерина АА, Лисман ЕС, Ваганова ОА. Проблемы нормирования мышьяка в бурых водорослях и лекарственных препаратах на их основе. Ведомости Научного центра экспертизы средств медицинского применения. 2019;9(3):167–72. https://doi.org/10.30895/1991-2919-2019-9-3-167-172</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shchukin VM, Erina AA, Lisman ES, Vaganova OA. Problems of establishing limits for arsenic content in brown algae and brown algae-containing medicinal products. Vedomosti Nauchnogo tsentra ehkspertizy sredstv meditsinskogo primeneniya = Bulletin of the Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products. 2019;9(3):167–72 (In Russ.)] https://doi.org/10.30895/1991-2919-2019-9-3-167-172</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dimpe KM, Ngila JC, Mabuba N, Nomngongo PN. Evaluation of sample preparation methods for the detection of total metal content using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) in wastewater and sludge. Phys Chem Earth. 2014;76–78:42–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2014.11.006</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dimpe KM, Ngila JC, Mabuba N, Nomngongo PN. Evaluation of sample preparation methods for the detection of total metal content using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) in wastewater and sludge. Phys Chem Earth. 2014;76–78:42–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2014.11.006</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Das S, Ting YP. Evaluation of wet digestion methods for quantification of metal content in electronic scrap material. Resources. 2017;6(4):64. https://doi.org/10.3390/resources6040064</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Das S, Ting YP. Evaluation of wet digestion methods for quantification of metal content in electronic scrap material. Resources. 2017;6(4):64. https://doi.org/10.3390/resources6040064</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nóbrega JA, Pirola C, Fialho LL, Rota G, de Campos Jordão CE, Pollo F. Microwave-assisted digestion of organic samples: how simple can it become? Talanta, 2012;98:272–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2012.06.079</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nóbrega JA, Pirola C, Fialho LL, Rota G, de Campos Jordão CE, Pollo F. Microwave-assisted digestion of organic samples: how simple can it become? Talanta, 2012;98:272–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2012.06.079</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Anschau KF, Enders MS, Senger CM, Duarte FA, Dressler VL, Muller EI. A novel strategy for medical foods digestion and subsequent elemental determination using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. Microchem J. 2019;147:1055– 60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2019.04.009</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Anschau KF, Enders MS, Senger CM, Duarte FA, Dressler VL, Muller EI. A novel strategy for medical foods digestion and subsequent elemental determination using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. Microchem J. 2019;147:1055– 60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2019.04.009</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Thomas R. Determining elemental impurities in pharmaceutical materials: how to choose the right technique. Spectroscopy. 2015;30(3):30–42.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Thomas R. Determining elemental impurities in pharmaceutical materials: how to choose the right technique. Spectroscopy. 2015;30(3):30–42.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Carter JA, Barros AI, Nóbrega JA, Donati GL. Traditional calibration methods in atomic spectrometry and new calibration strategies for inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Front Chem. 2018;6:504. https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2018.00504</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Carter JA, Barros AI, Nóbrega JA, Donati GL. Traditional calibration methods in atomic spectrometry and new calibration strategies for inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Front Chem. 2018;6:504. https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2018.00504</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Masson P, Dalix T, Bussiere S. Determination of major and trace elements in plant samples by inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry. Comm Soil Sci Plant Anal. 2010;41(3):231–43. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103620903460757</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Masson P, Dalix T, Bussiere S. Determination of major and trace elements in plant samples by inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry. Comm Soil Sci Plant Anal. 2010;41(3):231–43. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103620903460757</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Salit ML, Turk GC, Lindstrom AP, Butler TA, Beck CM, Norman B. Single-element solution comparisons with a high-performance inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometric method. Anal Chem. 2001;73(20):4821–9. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac0155097</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Salit ML, Turk GC, Lindstrom AP, Butler TA, Beck CM, Norman B. Single-element solution comparisons with a high-performance inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometric method. Anal Chem. 2001;73(20):4821–9. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac0155097</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chahrour O, Malone J, Collins M, Salmon V, Greenan C, Bombardier A, et al. Development and validation of an ICP-MS method for the determination of elemental impurities in TP-6076 active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) according to USP &lt;232&gt;/&lt;233&gt;. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2017;145:84–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2017.06.045</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chahrour O, Malone J, Collins M, Salmon V, Greenan C, Bombardier A, et al. Development and validation of an ICP-MS method for the determination of elemental impurities in TP-6076 active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) according to USP &lt;232&gt;/&lt;233&gt;. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2017;145:84–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2017.06.045</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
