<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vedomostiregmed</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Регуляторные исследования и экспертиза лекарственных средств</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Regulatory Research and Medicine Evaluation</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">3034-3062</issn><issn pub-type="epub">3034-3453</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Federal State Budgetary Institution ‘Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products’ of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (FSBI ‘SCEEMP’)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.30895/1991-2919-2022-12-3-331-340</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vedomostiregmed-376</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Биофармацевтические исследования in vitro</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Biopharmaceutical research in vitro</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Сравнительная кинетика растворения тиоктовой кислоты для ряда воспроизведенных препаратов</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Comparative Dissolution Kinetics of Several Multisource Thioctic Acid Products</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7940-1664</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Василенко</surname><given-names>Г. Ф.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vasilenko</surname><given-names>G. F.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Василенко Галина Федоровна, канд. биол. наук</p><p>Петровский б-р, д. 8, стр. 2, Москва, 127051</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Galina F. Vasilenko, Cand. Sci. (Biol.)</p><p>8/2 Petrovsky Blvd, Moscow 127051</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vasilenko@expmed.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3650-6014</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Красных</surname><given-names>Л. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Krasnykh</surname><given-names>L. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Красных Людмила Михайловна,  канд. биол. наук</p><p>Петровский б-р, д. 8, стр. 2, Москва, 127051</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Lyudmila M. Krasnykh, Cand. Sci. (Biol.)</p><p>8/2 Petrovsky Blvd, Moscow 127051</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">krasnyh@expmed.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9198-8661</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Журавлева</surname><given-names>М. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zhuravleva</surname><given-names>M. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Журавлева Марина Владимировна, д-р мед. наук, профессор</p><p>Петровский б-р, д. 8, стр. 2, Москва, 127051</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Marina V. Zhuravleva, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor</p><p>8/2 Petrovsky Blvd, Moscow 127051</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">zhuravleva@expmed.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7024-5546</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Прокофьев</surname><given-names>А. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Prokofiev</surname><given-names>A. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Прокофьев Алексей Борисович, д-р мед. наук, профессор</p><p>Петровский б-р, д. 8, стр. 2, Москва, 127051</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Aleksey B. Prokofiev, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor</p><p>8/2 Petrovsky Blvd, Moscow 127051</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">prokofiev@expmed.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7322-3323</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Городецкая</surname><given-names>Г. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gorodetskaya</surname><given-names>G. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Городецкая Галина Ивановна</p><p>Петровский б-р, д. 8, стр. 2, Москва, 127051</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Galina I. Gorodetskaya</p><p>8/2 Petrovsky Blvd, Moscow 127051</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">gorodetskaya@expmed.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8232-6682</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Смирнов</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Smirnov</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Смирнов Валерий Валерьевич,   д-р фарм. наук, доцент</p><p>Петровский б-р, д. 8, стр. 2, Москва, 127051</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Valery V. Smirnov, Dr. Sci. (Pharm.), Associate Professor</p><p>8/2 Petrovsky Blvd, Moscow 127051</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">smirnov@expmed.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0936-5551</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бунятян</surname><given-names>Н. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bunyatyan</surname><given-names>N. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Бунятян Наталья Дмитриевна, д-р фарм. наук, профессор</p><p>Петровский б-р, д. 8, стр. 2, Москва, 127051</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Natalia D. Bunyatyan, Dr. Sci. (Pharm), Professor</p><p>8/2 Petrovsky Blvd, Moscow 127051</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Bunyatyan@expmed.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение «Научный центр экспертизы средств медицинского применения» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>12</day><month>07</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>12</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>331</fpage><lpage>340</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Василенко Г.Ф., Красных Л.М., Журавлева М.В., Прокофьев А.Б., Городецкая Г.И., Смирнов В.В., Бунятян Н.Д., 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Василенко Г.Ф., Красных Л.М., Журавлева М.В., Прокофьев А.Б., Городецкая Г.И., Смирнов В.В., Бунятян Н.Д.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Vasilenko G.F., Krasnykh L.M., Zhuravleva M.V., Prokofiev A.B., Gorodetskaya G.I., Smirnov V.V., Bunyatyan N.D.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.vedomostincesmp.ru/jour/article/view/376">https://www.vedomostincesmp.ru/jour/article/view/376</self-uri><abstract><p>Взаимосвязь между растворением и биодоступностью является одним из примеров взаимосвязи между качеством лекарственного препарата, его безопасностью и эффективностью. Уникальность тиоктовой кислоты в том, что она может существовать как в окисленной, так и в восстановленной форме, проявляя как липофильные (липоевая кислота), так и гидрофильные (дигидролипоевая кислота) свойства. Изучение биодоступности данного лекарственного средства необходимо для оценки ожидаемого терапевтического эффекта и уменьшения побочного действия препарата на организм.</p><sec><title>Цель работы</title><p>Цель работы: изучение процесса высвобождения тиоктовой кислоты из препаратов разных производителей с помощью теста сравнительной кинетики растворения.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы: объектами исследования являлись референтный (РП) и три воспроизведенных препарата (ВЛС1, ВЛС2 и ВЛС3) различных производителей – таблетки, покрытые пленочной оболочкой, содержащие тиоктовую кислоту в дозе 600 мг. Эксперимент проводили в средах растворения c рН 6,8±0,05 и рН 1,2±0,05. Статистическую обработку проводили с помощью пакета Microsoft Office Excel 2007 путем расчета среднего значения количества растворившейся субстанции, стандартного отклонения (SD) и относительного стандартного отклонения (RSD, %).</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты: на основании особенностей и характеристик тиоктовой кислоты выбраны условия проведения испытания (рН среды растворения 6,8±0,05 и 1,2±0,05). При сравнении профилей высвобождения  тиоктовой кислоты на основании расчета фактора сходимости (f2) был отмечен эквивалентный профиль растворения препаратов ВЛС2 и ВЛС3 при рН 6,8 (высвобождение субстанции более 85% через 15 мин) и неэквивалентный профиль растворения препарата ВЛС1 (f2 составил 28).</p></sec><sec><title>Выводы</title><p>Выводы: установленные различия в скорости и степени высвобождения действующего вещества из изучаемых препаратов могут свидетельствовать о возможных различиях  их фармакологической эффективности в условиях in vivo.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The relationship between dissolution and bioavailability is an example of the interdependency between the quality of a medicinal product and its safety and efficacy. The uniqueness of thioctic acid is that it can exist in an oxidised and a reduced form, showing lipophilic (lipoic acid) and hydrophilic (dihydrolipoic acid) properties. Bioavailability studies of thioctic acid are necessary to evaluate the expected therapeutic effect and mitigate side effects of the medicinal product.</p><p>The aim of the study was to carry out equivalence dissolution testing to compare the release of thioctic acid from medicinal products produced by several manufacturers.</p><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods: the study used a reference medicinal product and three multisource medicinal products by different manufacturers; more specifically, film-coated tablets containing 600 mg of thioctic acid. The experiment was carried out in dissolution media at pH of 6.8±0.05 and 1.2±0.05. Statistical analysis was performed by calculating the average amounts of the substance dissolved, the standard deviation (SD), and the relative standard deviation (RSD, %) using Microsoft Office Excel 2007.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results: The authors chose the testing conditions (dissolution media pH values of 6.8±0.05 and 1.2±0.05) taking into account the nature and characteristics of thioctic acid. The comparison of thioctic acid release profiles based on the calculation of the similarity factor (f2) showed that the dissolution profiles of multisource medicinal products 2 and 3 at pH 6.8 were equivalent to that of the reference medicinal product (more than 85% of the active pharmaceutical ingredient released within 15 minutes) and the dissolution profile of multisource medicinal product 1 was not equivalent to it (with f2 of 28).</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Conclusions: the established differences in the rate and degree of active ingredient release from the studied medicinal products may indicate possible differences in their pharmacological effectiveness in vivo.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>тиоктовая кислота</kwd><kwd>тест сравнительной кинетики растворения</kwd><kwd>растворение для твердых дозированных лекарственных форм</kwd><kwd>среда растворения</kwd><kwd>эквивалентность in vitro</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>thioctic acid</kwd><kwd>comparative dissolution kinetics test</kwd><kwd>dissolution test for solid dosage forms</kwd><kwd>dissolution medium</kwd><kwd>in vitro equivalence</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена в рамках государственного задания ФГБУ «НЦЭСМП» Минздрава России № 056-00001-22-00 на проведение  прикладных научных исследований (номер государственного учета НИР 121021800098-4).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study reported in this publication was carried out as part of publicly funded research project No. 056-00001-22-00 and was supported by the Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products (R&amp;D public accounting No. 121021800098-4)</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Журавлева МВ, Кукес ВГ, Городецкая ГИ, Прокофьев АБ, Сереброва СЮ, Черных ТМ и др. Клинико-фармакологические аспекты применения тиоктовой кислоты у пациентов с сахарным диабетом типа 2. Врач. 2015;(12):41–6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhuravleva MV, Kukes VG, Gorodetskaya GI, Prokofiev AB, Serebrova SYu, Chernykh TM, et al. Clinical and pharmacological aspects of the use of thioctic acid in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Vrach = Doctor. 2015;(12):41–6 (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Пизова НВ. Основные формы диабетических нейропатий. Consilium Medicum. 2018;20(4):36–42. https://doi.org/10.26442/2075-1753_2018.4.36-42</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pizova NV. Main types of diabetic neuropathies. Consilium Medicum = Consilium Medicum. 2018;20(4):36–42 (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.26442/2075-1753_2018.4.36-42</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Watkins P, Thomas P. Diabetes mellitus and the nervous system. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr. 1998;65(5):620–32.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Watkins P, Thomas P. Diabetes mellitus and the nervous system. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr. 1998;65(5):620–32.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кольцова ЕА, Ковражкина ЕА, Стаховская ЛВ. Эффективность препаратов альфа-липоевой кислоты в лечении диабетической полинейропатии. Трудный пациент. 2017;15(10–11):25–9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Koltsova EA, Kovrazhkina EA, Stakhovskaya LV. Effectiveness of alpha-lipoic acid preparations in the treatment of diabetic polyneuropathy. Trudny patsient = Difficult Patient. 2017;15(10–11):25–9 (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Балаболкин МИ, Креминская ВМ, Клебанова ЕМ. Роль окислительного стресса в патогенезе диабетической нейропатии и возможность его коррекции препаратами α-липоевой кислоты. Проблемы эндокринологии. 2005;51(3):22–32.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Balabolkin MI, Kreminskaya VM, Klebanova EM. A role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy and the possibility of its correction with α-lipoic acid preparations. Problemy endokrinologii = Problems of Endocrinology. 2005;51(3):22–32 (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сanosa S, Paschero C, Carosso A, Leoncini S, Mercaldo N, Gennarelli G, et al. Effect of combination of myo-inositol, alpha-lipoic acid, and folic acid on oocyte morphology and embryo morphokinetics in non-PCOS overweight/obese patients undergoing IVF: a pilot, prospective, randomized study. J Clin Med. 2020;9(9):2949. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9092949</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Сanosa S, Paschero C, Carosso A, Leoncini S, Mercaldo N, Gennarelli G, et al. Effect of combination of myo-inositol, alpha-lipoic acid, and folic acid on oocyte morphology and embryo morphokinetics in non-PCOS overweight/obese patients undergoing IVF: a pilot, prospective, randomized study. J Clin Med. 2020;9(9):2949. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9092949</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Haghighatdoost F, Gholami A, Hariri M. Alpha-lipoic acid effect on leptin and adiponectin concentrations: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2020:76(5):649–57. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00228-020-02844-w</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Haghighatdoost F, Gholami A, Hariri M. Alpha-lipoic acid effect on leptin and adiponectin concentrations: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2020:76(5):649–57. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00228-020-02844-w</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Львова АА, Шохин ИЕ, Раменская ГВ, Кузина ВН. Современный взгляд на взаимозаменяемость лекарственных средств. Биофармацевтический журнал. 2016;8(4):3–6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lvova AA, Shokhin IE, Ramenskaya GV, Kuzina VN. A modern view on the interchangeability of medicines. Biofarmatsevticheskiy zhurnal = Biopharmaceutical Journal. 2016;8(4):3–6 (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ikuta N, Tanaka A, Otsubo A, Ogawa N, Yamamoto H, Mizukami T, et al. Spectroscopic studies of R(+)-α-lipoic acid—cyclodextrin complexes. Int J Mol Sci. 2014;15(11):20469–85. https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijms151120469</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ikuta N, Tanaka A, Otsubo A, Ogawa N, Yamamoto H, Mizukami T, et al. Spectroscopic studies of R(+)-α-lipoic acid—cyclodextrin complexes. Int J Mol Sci. 2014;15(11):20469–85. https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijms151120469</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гребенкин ДЮ, Станишевский ЯМ, Шохин ИЕ, Малашенко ЕА. Ретроспектива развития науки о растворении твердых дозированных лекарственных форм (обзор). Разработка и регистрация лекарственных средств. 2016;(4):158–66.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grebenkin DYu, Stanishevsky YaM, Shokhin IE, Malashenko EA. Retrospective of dissolution test of solid dosage forms (review). Razrabotka i registratsiya lekarstvennykh form = Drug Development and Registration. 2016;(4):158–66. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Соколов АВ, Белоусов ЮБ, Зырянов СК, Нечаева ЕБ, Милкина СЕ. Пути обеспечения качества и безопасности генерических лекарственных препаратов. Фармакокинетика и фармакодинамика. 2012;(1):43–9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sokolov AV, Belousov YuB, Zyryanov SK, Nechaeva EB, Milkina SE. Ways to ensure the quality and safety of generic drugs. Farmakokinetika i farmakodinamika = Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics. 2012;(1):43–9 (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Moore W, Flanner HH. Mathematical comparison of curves with an emphasis on in vitro dissolution profiles. Pharm Tech. 1996;20(6):64–74.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Moore W, Flanner HH. Mathematical comparison of curves with an emphasis on in vitro dissolution profiles. Pharm Tech. 1996;20(6):64–74.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pop AL, Crisan S, Bârcă M, Ciobanu A-M, Varlas BN, Pop C, et al. Evaluation of dissolution profiles of a newly developed solid oral immediate-release formula containing alpha-lipoic acid. Processes. 2021;9(1):176–97. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9010176</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pop AL, Crisan S, Bârcă M, Ciobanu A-M, Varlas BN, Pop C, et al. Evaluation of dissolution profiles of a newly developed solid oral immediate-release formula containing alpha-lipoic acid. Processes. 2021;9(1):176–97. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9010176</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brufani M, Figliola R. (R)-α-lipoic acid oral liquid formulation: pharmacokinetic parameters and therapeutic efficacy. Acta Biomed. 2014;85(2):108–15. PMID: 25245645</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brufani M, Figliola R. (R)-α-lipoic acid oral liquid formulation: pharmacokinetic parameters and therapeutic efficacy. Acta Biomed. 2014;85(2):108–15. PMID: 25245645</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Carbone C, Arena E, Pepe V, Prezzavento O, Cacciatore I, Turkez H, Puglisi G. Nanoencapsulation strategies for the delivery of novel bifunctional antioxidant/σ1 selective ligands. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2017;155:238–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.04.016</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Carbone C, Arena E, Pepe V, Prezzavento O, Cacciatore I, Turkez H, Puglisi G. Nanoencapsulation strategies for the delivery of novel bifunctional antioxidant/σ1 selective ligands. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2017;155:238–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.04.016</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
