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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vedomostiregmed</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Регуляторные исследования и экспертиза лекарственных средств</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Regulatory Research and Medicine Evaluation</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">3034-3062</issn><issn pub-type="epub">3034-3453</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Federal State Budgetary Institution ‘Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products’ of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (FSBI ‘SCEEMP’)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.30895/1991-2919-2021-11-2-81-93</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vedomostiregmed-325</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Особенности и значимость оценки подгрупп в подтверждающих клинических исследованиях</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Specific Aspects and Significance of Subgroup Assessment in Confirmatory Clinical Trials</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6300-2092</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Басова</surname><given-names>О. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Basova</surname><given-names>O. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Басова Ольга Игоревна </p><p>Петровский б-р, д. 8, стр. 2, Москва, 127051, Российская Федерация </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Olga I. Basova </p><p>8/2 Petrovsky Blvd, Moscow 127051, Russian Federation </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">basovaoi@expmed.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7032-5957</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лысикова</surname><given-names>И. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lysikova</surname><given-names>I. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p> Лысикова Ирина Викторовна, канд. мед. наук</p><p>Петровский б-р, д. 8, стр. 2, Москва, 127051, Российская Федерация </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Irina V. Lysikova, Cand. Sci. (Med.)</p><p>8/2 Petrovsky Blvd, Moscow 127051, Russian Federation </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">lysikova@expmed.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1698-2670</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Иванова</surname><given-names>О. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ivanova</surname><given-names>O. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Иванова Ольга Юрьевна </p><p>Петровский б-р, д. 8, стр. 2, Москва, 127051, Российская Федерация </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Olga Yu. Ivanova </p><p>8/2 Petrovsky Blvd, Moscow 127051, Russian Federation </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ivanova@expmed.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение «Научный центр экспертизы средств медицинского применения» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>18</day><month>02</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>11</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>81</fpage><lpage>93</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Басова О.И., Лысикова И.В., Иванова О.Ю., 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Басова О.И., Лысикова И.В., Иванова О.Ю.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Basova O.I., Lysikova I.V., Ivanova O.Y.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.vedomostincesmp.ru/jour/article/view/325">https://www.vedomostincesmp.ru/jour/article/view/325</self-uri><abstract><p> Анализ подгрупп пациентов играет важную роль в интерпретации результатов подтверждающих клинических исследований и в большинстве случаев обязателен к выполнению. Целью анализа является оценка согласованности (гетерогенности) терапевтического эффекта в подгруппах пациентов, выделенных на основании  демографических характеристик, стадии и степени тяжести основного  заболевания, наличия определенной генетической мутации и др. Однако существующие методологические проблемы (проблема  множественных сравнений, случайные различия между подгруппами и т.д.) затрудняют его проведение и часто приводят к спорным выводам.  Цель работы — анализ и систематизация подходов зарубежных  регуляторных органов к оценке подгрупп в подтверждающих  клинических исследованиях, формирование научно обоснованных  требований к ее выполнению и интерпретации результатов спонсорами клинических исследований и экспертами при проведении экспертизы  отношения ожидаемой пользы к возможному риску применения лекарственных препаратов с целью их регистрации по национальным  правилам и по правилам Евразийского экономического союза. В работе  рассмотрены цели проведения анализа подгрупп и статистические  подходы к его выполнению, приведены примеры такого анализа из регуляторной практики. Описаны подходы к интерпретации анализа подгрупп в зависимости от наличия или отсутствия доказательства  основной гипотезы исследования, характера обнаруженных  гетерогенных эффектов исследуемого препарата в подгруппах и выбора  самих подгрупп. Освещены проблемные аспекты анализа подгрупп, возможные противоречия интерпретации полученных результатов,  регуляторные ожидания. Представленные рекомендации могут быть  использованы экспертами при проведении экспертизы  отношения ожидаемой пользы к возможному риску применения лекарственного  препарата, а также разработчиками лекарственных средств при подготовке протоколов и отчетов клинических исследований.  </p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p> Patient subgroup analysis plays an important role in interpretation of confirmatory clinical trial results and is mandatory in most cases. The purpose of subgroup analysis is to assess the consistency (heterogeneity) of the treatment effect in subgroups of patients identified based on such characteristics as demographics, stage and severity of the underlying disease, presence of a certain genetic mutation, etc. However, existing methodological issues (the problem of multiple comparisons, detection of differences between subgroups by chance alone, etc.) make it difficult to carry out the analysis and often lead to controversial conclusions. The aim of  the study was to analyse and summarise foreign regulatory approaches to subgroup analysis in confirmatory clinical trials, and to elaborate science-based requirements for subgroup analysis and interpretation of the results by clinical trial sponsors and experts when assessing the risk-benefit ratio of medicinal products for the purpose of their authorisation in Russia and the  Eurasian Economic Union. This paper discusses the objectives of subgroup  analysis and statistical approaches to its performance, provides relevant examples of such analysis from regulatory practice. It describes approaches to interpretation of subgroup analysis depending on the presence/absence of evidence supporting the primary hypothesis of the study, the nature of the experimental medicinal product’s heterogeneous effects in the  subgroups, and selection of the subgroups. The paper highlights areas of concern in subgroup analysis, potential controversies in interpretation of the  obtained results, and regulatory expectations. The recommendations  presented in the paper can be used by experts in the assessment of the risk-benefit ratio, as well as by medicine developers in the preparation of clinical trial protocols and reports. </p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>подгруппы</kwd><kwd>подтверждающий анализ подгрупп</kwd><kwd>поисковый анализ подгрупп</kwd><kwd>статистика</kwd><kwd>статистические методы</kwd><kwd>клинические исследования</kwd><kwd>регуляторы</kwd><kwd>эффективность и безопасность</kwd><kwd>стратификация</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>subgroups</kwd><kwd>confirmatory subgroup analysis</kwd><kwd>exploratory subgroup analysis</kwd><kwd>interaction</kwd><kwd>heterogeneity</kwd><kwd>statistical methods</kwd><kwd>clinical trials</kwd><kwd>regulatory authorities</kwd><kwd>efficacy</kwd><kwd>safety</kwd><kwd>stratification</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена в рамках государственного задания ФГБУ «НЦЭСМП» Минздрава России № 056-00005-21-00 на проведение прикладных научных исследований (номер государственного учета НИР 121021800098-4).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study reported in this publication was carried out as part of a publicly funded research project No. 056-00005-21-00 and was supported by the Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products (R&amp;D public accounting No. 121021800098-4).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alosh М, Fritsch К, Huque M, Mahjoob K, Pennello G, Rothmann M, et al. 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